Les Miserables Essay Example for Free

Les Miserables look forIn Websters Dictionary the word Justice is defined by the words fairness and rightfulness. Around the terra firma, the bet of Justice is portrayed as blind from all information but objective facts. In the fabrication Les Miserables written by Victor Hugo, the figure of Justice is meant to be completely blind, but it does not assuage totally blind. jean Val jean, the main character of the novel had been a prison houseer for 19 years. When he was released from prison he was given a yellow ticket that identified him as a criminal. This made ValJean unable to live a ruler life again.Today, due to the media and the abundance of information that is available for e trulyone on the cyberspace these days, this system of Justice is not always executed properly. These two instances of the yellow ticket in Les Miserables and the media straightaway resulted in no blind Justice for those who are affected. The system of Justice is supposed to be considered blin d. This operator that when a runnel comes to court, no one knows any outside information on the foot race to begin with it begins. This includes all of the Jury and the Judge.The goal of blind Justice is to present a fair mental testing and pass off bias. Part of the Jury selection process is to make sure that no one has any introductory knowledge on the trial that they are being selected. When there is a trial that is totally blind, the trial is more likely to go smoothly because all of the facts would Just have been known from information presented in the court. There is no outside information that someone considers important which could cause chaos and confusion. Unfortunately in some cases it is difficult to keep a case blind.In todays society there are certain(prenominal) cases that are very tough to keep blind. These cases usually contain popular celebrities that the media is attached to. Whenever a notoriety gets in lots of trouble with the law, it is all over telev ision, newspapers and the internet. The world knows everything that transcended in the incident and what will happen to the celebrity. This results in the trial not being blind at all. A recent example ofa trial not being blind is the case of the former Buffalo Bills running back 0. 1. Simpson.Simpson tried to persist in some of his old emorabilia from some old friends, but did it very aggressively with a weapon and was aerated with numerous accounts of armed robbery and kidnapping. Before this, Simpson was well known for his success on the football field but also his prior trial for murdering his wife. Simpson was found not guilty in this popular trial but many people believe he was guilty. This recent trial was followed very intently by the media. Reporters were everywhere Simpson went and every development in the trial was in the news almost instantly.Before the trial started the Judge and Jury had lready known all about Simpson and his successes and mishaps. As a result the t rial was very biased against Simpson. Simpson was found guilty and sentenced to at least 9 years in prison and a maximum of 33 years. This anti-blind Justice pretty much goes for any celebrity that gets in trouble with the law. In Les Miserables Justice is not completely blind for Jean Valean. The Justice is not completely blind because Jean ValJean is not a criminal but he was a result of a slightly overthrow Justice system during that time period in France.The Justice system as not mean to be blind. Jean ValJeans open Justice was not in court, it was present a yellow passport, cover that he is an ex-convict. This causes people to instantly look down on ValJean and treat him worse than a normal person. Since he is an ex-convict, anytime he does something he is quick to be arrested, because of his past. When he stays with the Bishop of Digne and steals some silverware he is apace arrested. Luckily the Bishop was very gracious and let Jean ValJean go by teaching him some lessons. ValJean does stretch forth to face adversity because of his ast. He is later wanted back in prison because he is apprehension to be disguising himself, to hide his ex-convict identity. Blind Justice was clearly not evident in the life of Jean ValJean. Clearly, Justice is sometimes completely blind, but it is very difficult to keep ones case completely blind. In the cases of 0. 1. Simpson and Jean ValJean blind Justice was not present and they both suffered from it. The Justice system suffers directly from the world around it and as time goes on it becomes ever harder to keep information private.

Sweden and Canada Immigration Comparison Essay Example for Free

Sweden and Canada Immigration Comparison EssayThis paper describes the context of Canadian immigration and immigrants labour market outcomes, and explores trends in both over time. Fortunately, there is a wealth of research regarding the interrogatory of why earnings have declined among immigrants to Canada. Employment outcomes of immigrants to Canada have been a great deal less studied. In this latter consequence we atomic number 18 restricted to providing basic facts, and hypotheses regarding the causes of the SwedishCanadian differences mentioned above.This paper outlines potential causes of the observed gap in outcomes, to the extent that they are known, and asks what the implications might be for the Swedish experience. Of course, Canadian outcomes are in part a function of the institutional setting. As will be seen, it is likely that much of the difference in economic outcomes between the dickens countries is related to differences in immigration programs and polici es. The paper ends with a discussion and summary of the range of possible drivers of Swedens current immigration outcomes.Institutional Background Canadas immigration system is quite complex, and is becoming more and more so. With a federal governance structure a federal government and provinces there is substantial heterogeneousness in the opinions and goals of the variant actors involved in national discussions. This implies that the nations aggregate set of policies and programs are not always internally consistent. Indeed, there are many stresses between the sometimes complementary, but a great deal competing, humanitarian, social, cultural, and economic goals of immigration policy.And there is frequently a lack of coordination, and sometimes disagreement, across levels of government and various actors within civil society regarding such issues as settlement services. With respect to highly skilled immigrants, for example, the federal government is credi bothrthy for the admission of health professionals, but provincial governments operate the healthcare systems and are responsible for the certification of those same professionals. Potentially useful for Sweden is a comparison of the alternative routes taken by Canada and the fall in States.Of particular interest are the differences in immigration levels, and the associated ingest to manage the immigration system, along with the expeditious measures that may be beneficial for a smaller nation seeking economic benefit from immigration. in advance(p) immigration policies 1 and practices in North America date from the 1960s. Both Canada and the U. S. moved away from plectron based mainly on source region, with most immigrants coming from Europe, to a more modern set out that resulted in large scale immigration from the developing world.But Canada took a very different highway than the United States. As seen in figure 1, it consciously chose a significantly higher immigration rate, and it as wel l developed a much more highly managed system. The U. S. receives a greater number of immigrants because it is a much larger nation, but on a per-capita basis, immigration is much higher in Canada. We believe these two features almost always go together in developed economies the higher the rate of immigration, the greater is the need for structured government management.

The Contemporary Challenges Of The Muslim Ummah Religion Essay

The Contemporary Challenges Of The Moslem Ummah trust EssayBefore scrutinizing those challenges, let us put on a quick look to the definition of challenges and ummah, the mention words throughout this sketch. Challenge is a simple everyday word. If one browses through several dictionaries he exit find out that the definition ca- flush toilet by those dictionaries is much or less the same, which is a demanding or stimulating fleck1. Specifically, it refers to (the situation of being casefuld with) some(a)thing destinying great mental and physical drive in order to be done successfully and which thitherfore tests a persons ability.2No doubt that our ummah faces many an(prenominal) challenges, both internal and external. While external challenges come from our surrounding close of them created by the West to reassure and destroy us, internal challenges ar challenges that occurred deep down us, which sometimes difficult for us to identify (and admit) and much more dang erous compared to external challenges, if we fail to manage and all overcome them. This study will focus first in discussing the internal challenges and will touch about the external challenges later.Internal ChallengesDisunited Ummah The No. 1 within EnemyThe first and foremost internal challenge that Muslims need to overcome urgently is their disunited ummah. As we k today, the mission of the prophet Muhammad was to bring peace and unity to the feuding tribes of the pre- Islamic days. However, after the prophet passed away, the Arabs returned to their feuding wars. Blindly tribal loyalties returned. Disputes over which tribe had the right to succeed the leadership of the Muslims ummah after the death of the prophet veritable(a)tually led to the most serious and dangerous schism among Muslims.Certainly, the quarrel between Muslim sects and nations are straightforwardly contrary to the teachings of Islam. let us admit that Islam and the Muslim world today are divided and disarr ay. They are unable to deal with the changes that are happening in this world and are reversing further and further coveringwards. Therefore, we should resolve our own quarrels to demonstrate a united ummah. Most all-important(prenominal)ly, we should never be our own enemy. Disappointingly, personal quarrels and ambitions for power seem allowed in Muslim world, which rasetually disrupt administration administration, leaving it incapable of addressing the needs of the people5. As a result, Muslim nations remain largely underdeveloped, unfortunate, unskilled, uneducated and incapable of contributing positively towards the well being of the Muslims, their faiths and nations.though many of us are blessed with luxuriant resources, we are unable to put such resources to the optimum use, to serve and defend Islam and Muslims against those who loudly confess their hatred against us and bravely proclaim their intention to interbreed us. The bad situation becomes worse when the best , skilful and experienceable people of us emigrate and contribute to the wealthiness and prosperity of other nations, to the some extent, to the nations which are hostile to us. This frustrated situation happened because we are unable to advance these talented people with facilities, confident(p) the conditions of our nations are unsuitable for the application of the considerable attributes that they possess, simply because we are also busy with our petty quarrels6.Thus, we need the right people to rule the nations, and to get this, the one and plainly situation is to revert to the teaching of Islam, the real received teachings, not the teachings which are interpreted to justify the bad things we are doing as good. If we are not sure what is in truth meant by the true teachings, we need to ask only few questions. Does Islam advocate wars and violence amongst Muslims? Does Islam advocate oppression of the people by the government, or destabilize the government by the irrespo nsible acts of the people? Can we really say that it is our religious duty to be poor, without knowledge and skills, incapable of defending ourselves against our enemies?We clearly know the answers to all these questions, and yet, we do not care to follow the Islamic answers to these questions. Instead, we quibble about small issues, fight over minor differences. We divide Muslims and cause them to fight because differences created in our practices in Islam.Fundamentalists The True Muslims or Extremists?Another internal challenge faces by Muslim in this modern world is fundamentalist Muslims. Realizing or not, fundamentalism is one of the most abused word. Most of the time, it is associated with extremism. Yet, if the teachings of Islam are revised, it would be obvious that the past best Muslims were fundamentalists. On the contrary, nowadays, the people who are usually described as fundamentalists are uttermost away from following of the Islamic teachings. Most of them contribut e seemingly reverted to the pre-Islamic jahilliyyah ways of extreme loyalty to their groups, to eagerness or taasub7.The answer lies in correcting or abandoning the incorrect interpretations of Islam by some of the so called ulama. These interpreters, no subject field how learned they may be in teachings of the religion, or how large may be their followers, or how naturalized their teachings, are not prophets. Prophets terminate not be wrong, but these interpreters of Islam can be.If Islam appears rigid and doctrinaire, it is because the learned interpreters imprint it so. They tended to be harsh and intolerant when interpreting during the golden day of the Muslim empires. And so, long after the Muslims accept lost their predominant era, and the world has changed, the Muslim were exhorted to adhere to interpretation which are no longer becoming or relevant.What Muslims moldiness do is to go back to the teaching of Holy Quran and genuine Hadiths, study and interpret them in th e context of the present day. It is Allahs will that the world has changed. It is not for man to reverse what has been willed by Him. Islam is not only meant for seventh century Arabs. The faithful must(prenominal) look for guidance from the teachings of Quran and Hadiths in the present context. If we Muslims understand this, then there will be fewer misunderstandings among us, and the world will be a better place if all misunderstandings are removed.External Challenges globalisation The Modern Form of villageGlobalization as defined by the West is the generalized expansion of international economic action which includes increased international trade, growth of international investment (foreign investment) and international migration, and increased creation of technology among countries. Globalization is the increasing world-wide integration of markets for goods, services, labor, and capital.8Some Muslim scholars are exalted and believed that globalization will benefit and give po sitive impacts on Muslims, while others (including this study) arrive a more skeptical and critical view of this process.Realizing or not, globalization in its current manifestation is benefiting the West as their idea of a borderless would simply instrument the unbridled flow of capital across borders. The huge amount of wealth some of us kick in accumulated through the extraction of our national resources has not been invested in our own countries. We have instead victorious advantage of the unembellished flow of capital to invest in the developed countries. Effectively we have enriched them9.Unfortunately, they have used our money that we have invested, to invest back in our countries, destabilize and impoverish us by pulling out their investment suddenly. Then, they take advantage of our poverty to gain control over us. overmuch of our money is hold hostage abroad and is actually used against us. In fact, we are not even able to use our natural resources to enrich ourselve s. We find ourselves quite helpless and unable to adjust and take advantage of these new ideas and concepts. Our own resources are the cause of our present impoverishment and weakness. But, we do not really care because we invariably believe that they can provide us with powerful means to assert our model in the whole world, to strengthen and protect us from oppression. All we need is simple, the will to regulate the supply. Yet, we cannot even do this10.Nowadays, colonial control of land by military strength or physical colonialism can no longer be accepted by society worldwide, even no longer necessary. prevail to currency trading that globalization has introduced holds similar effects. This form of colonialism could be achieved without sacrificing the life of soldiers. When a country becomes poor, it will be politically unstable and a power compete will ensue. As a result, there will be successive change in leadership until a candidate who is willing to try to the world powe r is found. In other words, before getting to that moment, colonization has occurred. Still, there are some of us who do not believe that what is happening now can throw us back to the early days of colonialism11.When we agreed to globalization, we thought that we would be able to share the wealth and technology of the rich countries. But, the rich countries are actually sentiment about how globalization would enable them to cultivate the untapped resources of the poor countries by using their huge capital and sophisticated technology. Even though exploiting the poor to enrich themselves causes more poverty and misery, so long as it is done in the name of globalization, it is still considered as fair and proper. The attack on the currencies of South East Asian countries in 1997 is the good example on how they exploit globalization12.Islam stresses a balance between materialism and spiritualism, between life in this world and hereafter. The prejudice of the spiritual values in the West has resulted in unbridled materialism. Money is considered as the most important thing in life. As a result, money is literally worshipped as an end in itself, not as a mean to an end. Nothing must get in the way in the acquisition of more money. And in the process of doing so, economic has to be devastated, people killed, children starved. All these are absolutely all rights as long as the objective is to manufacture more money13.Therefore, all Muslims should ladder together to defend the sovereignty of our nations. What we are doing is actually defending our own independence. No less than that. Do remember, those who created the economic, political and social problems that we are facing now are just like the colonists who once colonize us. Do not ever think that their behaviors have changed. As the Malay proverb says, Tigers will always have their stripes.Globalization a world without border is a terminology introduced by the West, not by us, by Muslims. Surely, the West did not come out with this new thought to lose out. It is invented for their own interest. permit us not accept it without scrutiny, without suspicion. Let us not accept all this simply because we extremity them to regard us as sophisticated. Let us not be proud of being praised by them when we show how up-to-date our thinking is14. Globalization dexterity bring many benefits to us, but this new thinking will destroy us more. The attack of our currencies is part of globalization and we only end up losing. instruction Technology Another Cold WarNowadays, it is obvious that information, rather the mastery over it, will conciliate the course of future struggles between nations. Recent breakthroughs in the field of communication and computer technologies have make it the most valuable currency of the age. If natural resources were what represented wealth and power in the past, information now claims an equal place, and is poised to become, in the near future, the most basic source of strength15.Muslim countries have struggled so hard to catch up with advanced nations. This new technology may affect this struggle in two opposite ways. Firstly, it is possible that it may take the battle still harder. The technology might make the gap between Muslims and industrial world more difficult to bridge, increase the westernization of our culture, and further alter the grip of those already in control of the world. However, if we take it positively, the same technology may provide wider opportunities to Muslims nations to free themselves from cultural and economic influence of the West, loosen their control over the means of knowledge, and reduce its influence over oppressed nations. Of course, these opportunities will come for us only if we know how to exploit this technology to gain our objectives. It would need vision, strategy, cooperation and firmarity. That is the only way the challenges of the next century can be met.A quick survey at the state of information in Muslim countries will show how difficult it is to speak of a word Islamic information in the absence of strong cooperation among them. The lack of comprehensive researches and field studies reflect the true state of information in Muslim societies. Therefore, any evaluation of the state of information in the Muslim world would be no more than a general opinion based purely on personal experience and observation.To cure a disease, of course we need to be clear about what really cause it. Generally speaking, information in Muslim countries continue to suffer because of several reasons continuous settlement on foreign media, low level of cooperation and exchanges of information among Muslim nations, centralization and state control of information, and show more on technical and material aspects while manpower development gets low priority. It would be unrealistic, and intimately impossible to believe that individual Muslim country would be able to confront these challenges sepa rately16. Cooperation must always be the principle guidance. Instead of complaining about foreign cultural and media invasion of our societies, we must take the initiative to stop the invasion.Appeal to Islamic government to cooperate with the private sector for the asylum of joint information, advertising projects, and supporting and encouraging information industries can be one of the valuable suggestion. To arrest the successful implementation of such projects, there must be unified policies and plans to facilitate and attract investments plus a joint Islamic fund to provide loans to finance these projects. Moreover, the infrastructure of Muslim countries should be cerebrate together, commercial information and advertising representation unified, communication mechanism consolidated and an Islamic information bloc set up.All these promises brought about by the information revolution should make us view them with optimism and make the right investment in a way that would ensur e the advancement of our societies and enable us to face the challenges facing us. They should also inspire us to plan carefully and lay down a solid ground for a coordinated effort that would free us from Western information domination. The cure lies in our ills and we know the cure. What is needed is a joint initiative to start the treatment.ConclusionPerhaps, it is too much to depend that our Muslim ummah would alert and fight all the challenges discussed above. But, still, we need to fight because it is a duty towards our religion. If we learn from the Islamic Civilization of the past, it will tell us that how a great faithful ummah can lead to splendor and establishment of one of the greatest, if not the greatest ever, civilization on earth. What has been done once by Muslims can be done again, and perhaps the second one will be everlasting. It is for us, Muslims, to decide. God willing, we will awake and we will decide, we will fight, and insha Allah, we will win.

Pellet Catalyst Development using Ferroxcube Process

Pellet Catalyst Development employ Ferroxcube addressPellet throttle development using the Ferroxcube serveThe guesswork preparation followed the classic routine of the pulverise met whollyurgy in dispelry (NTUA) hematite (Fe2O3) or magnetite (Fe3O4) powderises were homogenized in a plasticizer and greasing environment, wi excellent a rotating pan ( visit 7). Consequently, disks were pressed in a 150 bar hydraulic press ( experience 8). NTUA use the association of CERTH (coordinators of the HYDROSOL projects to proceed in the decent preparation of the pellets). go out 7. Rotating pan somaure 8. The 150 bar hydraulic press aft(pre tokenish) the initial pelletization by the hydraulic press, the pellets were underg unmatched sintering and reduction in a controlled atmosphere ( atomic number 8-reduced atmosphere) oven as shown in Figure 9, in fix up to obtain the magnetite physique sure by XRD, as shown in Figure 10.Figure 9. The sintering oven.Figure 10. XRD response of the sintered pellet, certifying the magnetite phaseThe porosity of the pellet and the neck development, offering considerable mechanical properties, drop been monitored by SEM, as shown in Figure 11, as puff up as by the classic pressurizing methods.This way, the magnetite pellets have been stabilized in mechanical, galvanizing and magnetised properties, offering mechanical daring and electrical automobile impedance below 10 Ohm or 3 Ohm.m (non-used pellet).Furthermore, an advanced manufacturing member has been proposed by the sunbathe Unit to the above-mentioned industrial technique. During sintering and reduction work out, magnetic field can be added extern solelyy to the sintering and step-down ovens to magnetically orient the magnetite dipoles in the desired direction, allowing for advanced Lorentz force control.2.2. A disregard out- contain catalystWe have conceived and developed a thin charter braid for the total heat production which can be structured in an aut omated system. The device can also be used for the reduction and oxidation process in oxide semiconducting scoots swaned by metal substrates-wafers, even if they do non exhibit legitimate magnetic order. The method is based on the Lorentz forces acted on the reducing oxidizing conducting electrons in the said oxide semiconducting films. Hence, this device can trap oxygen and hydroxyl from ancestral urine, thus producing hydrogen. This such reduction and oxidation process in distribute air, as well as controlled atmosphere conditions.A particular application, useful for the HELENIC ref project refers to the three- floor depicted in Figure 15. The upper layer consists of a magnetite film not thicker than 500 nm, an insulating thin film supporting the magnetite film, not thicker than 500 nm and finally a tinny wafer made of Al or new(pre titular) metal, supporting the insulating and the magnetite thin film.Figure 15. ceremonious of the catalystPossible manufacturing methods include electro deposit, fleshly vapour deposition, chemical vapor deposition as well as lithography and masking methods for the generation of electric contacts on the upper thin film.Concerning Fe3O4 (magnetite) film, a preferable just now not obligatory condition is to be able to provide magnetic order in all instills of the ferrimagnetic cells of the oxide. This is achieved by magnetic field during deposition or by post-processing magnetic field annealing with ulterior field cooling.The desired properties of the Fe3O4 (magnetite) film are indicatively as followsStructure of the magnetite phase, which can be certified by X-ray powder diffractionMulti-grained microstructure with small necks between grains, monitored by Electron MicroscopyResistivity below 10 kOhm, indicative of semiconducting phaseMagnetic order, ascertained by monitoring the magnetic hysteresis loop automatonlike robustness observed by hardness and wear measurementApplying electric on-going through the arge ntiferous support of the film results in magnetic field parallel to the rise of the film and vertical to the apply electric current. The bountifulness of this field isWhere I is the applied electric current and a the thickness of the film. If the thickness a (sum of the magnetite film and the insulating thin film) are less than 1 m and the current I is C Amperes, then the applied field isThus, the applied field is controllable by the applied electric current through the metallic support. This current can easily be in the order of one Amperes in dc mode or several tens of Amperes in pulsed mode, if the thickness of the metallic support is in the order of 100 m, thus allowing the transmission of magnetic field larger than 1 T in the vicinity of the oxide semiconducting film.Therefore, fling electric current through metallic support, one can sham the magnetic field vertical to the direction of electric current passing through the magnetite thin film. The directions of these two e lectric currents characterizes the direction of the Lorentz force on the conducting electrons of the magnetite film. Parallel currents result in forcing the electrons towards the insulating thin film, while anti-parallel currents force them towards the appear of the magnetite film. These two diverse directions of Lorentz forces have a different feeling on the operation of the magnetite thin film, acting as catalyst for the production of hydrogen.Passing electric current along the magnetite film, independent on the electric current passing through the metallic substrate of the magnetite film, (i.e. from an separate source), along the same direction of the current transmitted to the metallic substrate, results in a Lorentz force acting on the charge carriers (electrons) moving them from the go forth towards the insulating thin film. Thus, the surface of the magnetite film becomes activated, in other words is reduced payable to the removal of the mentioned Lorentz electrons.Activa tion is the generation of electron vacancies, offering the generation of new oxygen vacancies (excess of oxygen vacancies). Thus, the resistivity drops, and the applied voltage results in high current, which increases the local temperature to 280 320C. such temperature increase is observable by any kind of pyrometer. The temperature increase is dependent on the combination of the electric current passing through the oxide semiconducting film and the magnetic field transmitted to it due to the electric current passing through the metallic support.The egress is reversible and un-hysteretic increase or lessen of the amplitude of I x H product, where I is the applied current on the oxide film and H the field resulting from the current on the metallic substrate, results in un-hysteretic and reversible increase or decrease of the temperature and reduction of the oxide film respectively.Such activation can be maintained even in open air the competition between the Lorentz electrons ba sed reduction and the free air oxidation finally results in oxidation which can also be macroscopically observed by the decrease of the activated (reduced) knowledge base on the free surface of the film. Having limited the current passing through the metallic support may result in activation (reduction) shrinkage. In this case, increase the current transmitted to the metallic substrate in the beginning the radiation disappears, or before oxygen vacancy excess disappears, the oxygen vacancy excess is rejuvenated. Such rejuvenation is completely reversible by using the magnetic field produced by the current passing through the metallic support (in the order of 1 T).After complete oxidation (phase transformation of all the Fe3O4 film to Fe2O3) such oxygen vacancy excess and concomitant reduction of the compound is impossible with magnetic fields of this order.The reduction and oxidation process can be monitored by measuring the surface resistivity of the magnetite film. Such resisti vity depicts the increase or decrease of oxygen vacancies on the surface and then the bulk of the oxide pellet. Increase and decrease of this resistivity is equivalent to the oxidation and reduction of the resistivity of the surface respectively.This effect is observable in all types of oxide semiconducting films even in the absence of coherent magnetic order in them. To be able to observe this effect in oxide semiconducting films, they should be in a continuous solid state form, exhibiting even a small electric conductivity, and provided that magnetic field and electric current of proper waveform and amplitude are simultaneously applied on the semiconducting oxide film and the conducting (metallic) support.Such reduction mechanism can be used in the reduction of compounds passing on or through the film surface. Our focus is the reduction of pure vapor water to H2, by actor of trapping the oxygen or the hydroxyl of the water molecule to the reduced (or activated) magnetite. Such o xidation with consequent hydrogen production can be reversed back to oxide reduction (activation) by means of lemniscus the water vapor transmission. This way, the two electric currents will reduce (activate) again the surface of the oxide film, provided that no water vapors are transmitted to the pellet surface or body.A trusted application of such effect is the use of the said pair of Fe3O4 (magnetite) film with its metallic support for the production of hydrogen and oxygen from water vapors, using the following algorithmIndependent electric currents pass through the metallic support and the oxide semiconducting film in the same direction. Thus, the surface of the oxide semiconducting film is reduced (activated).Then, water vapor is transmitted on the surface of the oxide semiconducting film, resulting in oxygen trapping, hydrogen production and oxidation of the surface of the oxide semiconducting film.As soon as the resistance of the surface of the oxide semiconducting film exc eeds a certain threshold, indicating reach to a critical level of oxide film surface reduction, the water vapor transmission is stopped.Thus, the oxide film surface is re-activated, followed by consequent oxygen release, until the resistance of the oxide film surface reaches a minute of arcimum threshold, indicating proper reduction (activation), which is proper for oxygen trapping.Then, water vapor is re-transmitted to the re-activated oxide film surface for hydrogen production.The production of hydrogen and oxygen is followed by an automatic storage of these two gases in different chambers to be used for any scope, like thermal combustion or fuel cell operation or other purpose.Development of the thin film catalystsThe Dynamic Hydrogen Bubble Template (DHBT) is an excellent method for the double-dealing of macrostructures with nanoporiferous side walls. The method has been named from the phenomena when a series of hydrogen-bubbles generated on the surface of the substrae act lik e a self-propelled negative template. Figure 1 demonstrates the theoretical approach of the technique. Figure 1(a) illustrates the hydrogen-evolution taking place on the surface there is no metal/metal-oxide deposition. The coat of the bubbles increasing along the distance from the substrate surface. Fig 1(b) shows the SEM-image of crap nanofoams nimble by DHBT.Figure 1. (a) Simplified description of DHBT generated metal/metal-based foams (b) Honeycomb-like Cu-deposit structure made by DHBT.The electrochemical deposition procedure of the development of the catalyst is divided in two main parts. At depression preliminary experiments on deposition of magnetite film were carried out in order to determine the orders of amplitude of the different involved parameters (current density, geometry etc.). , the electrochemical deposition of iron-oxide films was carried out as a preliminary approach. Based on the results of the characterization, the parameters of the deposition were varie d in a high range in order to obtain 3D-structured porous nanofoams.The films were electrodeposited onto copper substrates (purity 99.5%). The substrates were mechanically polished with 800 and 2000 emery papers, respectively. Henceforward, the polished substrates were ultrasonically cleaned in deionized water, ethanol and acetone, respectively. The 2 cm2 active surface eye socket of the substrate was ensured by commercial nail-polish and insulating tape. The galvanostatic deposition was carried out in a two-electrode cell using a DC Power Supply. Platinum-mesh was used as counter electrode.Two different arrangement of the running(a) electrode have been tested as shown in Figure 2. The electrolytic bath was a strongly alkalic solution with pH 12.5 made of 0.037 M Fe2(SO4)3.x H2O, 0.1 M triethanolamine (TEA) and 2 M NaOH. After mixing the components at T = 80 C the solution had greyish-green color and no turbidity was observed.The parameters of the deposition process were varied i n the terms of current density, bath temperature and deposition time. The range of cathodic current density was chosen j = 5-15 mA.cm-2, the depostion time was given from 5 min to 6 hours and the bath temperature was adjusted T = 60-90 C. The nominal thicknesses of the brisk structures were calculated by using the Faraday-law.The surface morphology of the deposited film-layers were studied by scanning electron microscope (Nova NanoSEM 230) and the crystallographic characterization was determined by X-ray diffraction (Bruker D8 Advance, Cu radiation-40kV, 35mA).Figure 16. a) copper triangle used as working electrode (W) by turning the active surface towards the surface of the electrolyte b) copper-plate (W) used as working electrode by immersing it totally and by turning the active surface towards the counter electrode (C).Concerning the development of 3D-structured porous films, the substrate deposition was not changed (Cu-foil, purity 99.5%). SiC polishing papers were used in gra de of 800, 1500, 2500 and 4000, respectively as a surface pre-treatment. All the pre-treated precedents were ultrasonically cleaned in deionized water, ethanol and acetone, respectively. In that case, the active surface area of the substrates was reduced to 0.5 cm-2 and fixed with nail-polish and insulating tape. The galvanostatic deposition was carried out in a two electrode cell using a BioLogic SP three hundred potentiostat. Platinum-wire was used as counter electrode.Concerning the result of the film-deposition the arrangement of the working electrode was set in vertical position. The electrolytic bath, concentrations and its properties were the same as described above. The cathodic current density was varied in the range ofj = 0.075-1 A.cm-2, the depostion time was changed between 30 sec to 180 s and the bath temperature was adjusted T = 90 C. Similar films have also been developed by using sputtering deposition and electron-gun aid deposition (Figure 17).Apart from the elec trolytic method, thin magnetite films were also deposited onto insulating films by usign spuutering and electron gun physical evaporation at the NTUA. However, the obtained results on the porosity of the magnetite films are not comparable with the DHBT method and and then they are not demonstratable at their current stage. Nevertheless, experiments are under way to obtain PVD films of the quality observed in the electrodeposited films.Characterization of catalystsStructural analysisThe catalyst pellets were wide-awake by a proprietary process from Fe3O4 powders. IP SAS used Fe3O4 powder with declared purity better than 99% and nominal grain size of 2-4um supplied by chemicalstore.com, product code FE3O4M1. The phase composition determined by XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) is shown in Figure 38. little traces of Hematite can be observed at 32.8 2Theta for the try produced at IP SAS.Figure 38. XRD patterns from pellets prepared by sunshine (red) and IP SAS (blue). Marked constituent phas es are Magnetite (blue lines) and Hematite (black lines)A representative XRD response in the bulk SUN pellets and in bulk CERTH pellets is illustrated in Figure 1, demonstrating exclusive magnetite bearing.Figure 1. XRD response of bulk pellets from SUN (left) and CERTH (right) illustrating exclusive front man of magnetitePhase transformations were studied by the means of in-situ XRD presented in Figure 41. Samples were mortar milled to obtain a fine powder that could be spread on the sample holder of the furnace. Milling force was kept minimal to refrain the structure of the pellet parts. Linear heating with indicated rate was used to obtain well-defined diffraction maxima with respect to the call for to noise ratio. Diffractometer was configured for parallel beam illumination with a secondary LiF monochromator to supress fluorescence from the Fe containing pellets.Formerly rigorously magnetite pellets are transforming to hematite in the vicinity of cccC. After the transformati on no other phase change was observed. Pellets supplied by SUN exibit the transformation at higher temparature than the pellets prepared at IP SAS. This can be atributed to the smaller size of the Fe3O4 crystallites in the SUN pellets.Detailed pattern examination is shown in Figure 42. The studied powdered pellets exhibit only presence of magnetite and hematite respectively. Diffraction maxima at 26 2Theta corresponds to SiO2 present as a thin layer grown on the non-reflective Si sample holder.Figure 41. In-situ XRD patterns of catalysts in air atmosphere with indicated heating rateFigure 42. In-situ XRD patterns of annealed catalyst pellets at indicated temperatures. Marked constituent phases Magnetite (blue lines) and Hematite (black lines).Catalyst prepared at SUN left, IP SAS right.Crystallographic study of the iron-oxide thin films samples was also realized. Figure 4 represents the identification of the observed peaks. Figure 4(a) shows the results of sample prepared in 3 three hundred s in 70 C bath with -5 mA.cm-2 current density. Grazing incidence XRD patterns of this sample indicate the presence of magnetite (blue lines) and copper substrate (green lines). Grazing angle was 2 (red curve) and 6 degrees (blue curve), respectively.In Figure 4(b) the results of sample with same conditions as in Figure 4(a) can be seen, but in this case the current density was -9 mA.cm-2. Here, pasture incidence XRD patterns indicate iron (grey lines) and copper (green lines). Grazing angle was 2 (red curve) and 6 degrees (blue curve), respectively. Figure 4(c/1) and (c/2) show the results of XRD taken from the same sample with deposition conditions of 2 hours deposition time in 85 C bath and -12.5 mA.cm-2 current density.Figure 4. X-ray diffractograms of the iron-oxide electrodeposited samples prepared under different conditions. a, t=3300 s,T = 70 C, j= -5 mA cm-2 b, t=3300 s, T= 70C, j= -9 mA cm-2 c/1, t=7200 s, T= 85C, j = -12.5 mA cm-2 c/2, powder scratched from the surface of sample c/1In Figure 4(c/1) the grazing incidence XRD patterns were done on the sample with the substrate. Clear evidence of magnetite (blue lines), iron (grey lines) and copper as substrate (green lines). Grazing angle was 2 (red curve) and 6 degrees (blue curve), respectively. Figure 4(c/2) demonstrates grazing incidence XRD pattern of loose powder from the same sample as (c/1). Only magnetite phase (blue lines) is detected. Grazing angle was 2 degrees. The XRD results show clear evidence of magnetite if the current density does not exceed 8 mA.cm-2 cathodic current density (see Figures 4(a) and (b).Apart from that, XPS studies have also been performed afterward the reassure meeting. For integration reasons, they are demonstrated only in the Milestone 1 document.Microstructural analysisMorphology of pellets after preparation was studied by the means of SEM (scanning electron microscopy) shown in Fig. 39. The particle size is larger for the catalyst prepared by SUN. The particle size of sample prepared at IP SAS is in well-behaved agreement with the manufacturer specification and is rather homogenous in size distribution. Sample prepared at SUN is exhibiting a different size distribution ranging from very fine sub-micron particles up to particles with size increasing 50um shown in Fig. 39 and 40. As can be seen the porosity of the prepared pellets is higher for the pellet prepared at IP SAS.The grid shown in Fig. 40 is protecting the sample from being destroyed by the magnetic field in the microscope and thus contaminating the microscope system by fine magnetic dust in the pole-piece, lens and detector system. It is worth to mention that the particle size is not directly explaining the diffraction maxima turnout shown in inset in Fig. 38. This is due to the fact that the diffraction domain size is rather different than the grain size of a particle. We can surely state that the diffraction domain size is smaller in the pellet prepared at SUN rath er than at IP SAS despite the observed grain-size distribution.Figure 39. SEM micrographs of catalysts prepared by SUN (left) and IP SAS (right)Figure 40. Low magnification micrographs of catalyst prepared by SUN (left) and IP SAS (right)Micrographs from the CERTH pellets (Figure 41) illustrate a clear evidence of necks, responsible for the significant reduction of temperature.Figure 41. Micrographs of the CERTH pellets, illustrating the presence of micro-necks, responsible for the improvement of the electric and mechanical propertiesConcerning the thin film catalysts, SEM analysis was performed. Figure 3 demonstrates 4 different SEM-images of the prepared samples. Fig 3(a) was taken on a sample prepared in 300 s deposition period in 60C bath with -7.5 mA cm-2 current density, and the nominal thickness was 2.24 m. In Fig 3(b) can be seen the morphology of the sample prepared in 300 s at 70C with-5 mA cm-2 current densitywith nominal thickness of 23.55 m. Fig 3(c) shows the SEM-resul t of the sample deposited with the same bath temperature and current density as 3(b) but extended deposition time t = 900 s (dn = 30.28 m). Fig 3(d) represents the SEM-image of the sample prepared in the highest bath temperature 90C with 5 min deposition time, -7.5 mA cm-2 current density (dn = 4.42 m).The SEM-images clearly show the structural changes by increasing the bath-temperature. threadlike deposit structure has been observed at 90 C. Due to the galvanostatic deposition mode the potential value have been not recorded. For better understanding of the structural formations potentiostatic deposition mode should be done.Figure 3. SEM-images of the electrodeposited iron-oxide samples with different deposition parameters (a) t=300 s,T= 60C, j= -7.5 mA cm-2 at 30000X magnification (b) t=300 s, T= 70C, j = -5 mA cm-2 at 15 000X magnification(c) t=900 s, T= 70C, j= -5 mA cm-2at 10000X magnification (d) t=300 s, T= 90C, j= -7.5 mA cm-2 at 10000X magnification.Concerning nano-foam, du e to the fact that the experiments were done in the nasty past the characterization of the prepared nanostructures was done only by scanning electron microscope. Figure 5 demonstrates the first promising results of the electrochemical deposition of iron-based 3D structures by using hydrogen generation on the surface as a negative template.Such a structure was a result of applying -0.375 A.cm-2 and more negative current density, namely -1 A.cm-2 with different depositing times. Fig 5(a) to Fig 5 (c) represents a possible building process of the 3D networks with pore size range in 2-6 m. Other type of deposit can be observed at Fig 5(d) to Fig 5(e) with legion(predicate) dendrites along the pore-sides by using current density -0.375 A.cm-2 with different deposition times. The formation of porous layer is not so obvious like in the previous case, but the size of pores are close in the same range than the pores formed at -1 A.cm-2.

Impact of the Chronic Illness in Patients Lives

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Values of Nursing, Person, Health, and Environment

determine of Nursing, Person, Health, and surroundThe values of nurse are acquired during socialization into care for code of ethics, breast feeding bear, teachers and peers. Watson (1982, pp 20-21) outlined four important values of nursing strong shipment to service, belief in the dignity and worth of each person, commitment to raising and professional autonomy. Nursing education, concepts and programs for improving the familiarity in wellness mental quickness are provided to maintain virtuous, theoretical and clinical values in the health setting Socalsy, 2008).The ad hominem values of a person depends on the magnificence or intensity of the inculcation of knowledge, positive values and skills not solely based on the innate capacity of one to evaluate, think, reason and interact in a hold ining situation but the availability moral standards. It also equally depends on the quality of personal experiences which are all limited by the persons ability and will to choose or by what is desirable to her which is readily accessible in the environment (Craney, 2008).Health is precious automatically by an individual regardless of the existence of separate personal priorities and values. People value health as important priority in spite of other things. Health considered as a good individual experience (Socalsy, 2008).Environmental Values is concerned mainly with the justification and basis of insurance regarding the environmental. Its objective is to bring together the law, philosophy, economics contributions, which can be name to the current and future of human environment and other living things and to clear belowstand the relationship between more fundamental underlying assumptions or assumptions and practical policy issues (Craney, 2008).Describe how article of belief/learning best occurs? analyse the various levels ofnursing education? (LPN, ADN, BSN, MSN)The key to successful knowledge breeding is competent learning and effective communicati on during the practice to achieve the determination of talent. This will determine the path of being an effective and competent nursing professional. This is where the teaching and learning best occurs (Aikon, 2009).Approved practical or vocational nursing programs (LPN) are provided by community colleges, vocational schools, hospitals, or other independent health agencies. These programs usually last 9 or 12 month and provide both classroom and clinical experiences. License hard-nosed nurse practices under the supervision of a registered nurse in a nursing home, clinics, hospital or rehabilitation. Taeching best occurs in this level finished formal classroom instruction, students learned by doing, that is, providing care to clients in hospitals. bloke dot programs (AND) are tolerateed in the Unted States primarily in community colleges although both(prenominal) 4-year colleges also have AND programs. The graduating student receives an AND or an associate of arts (AA) or asso ciate in applied science (AAS0 point in time with a major in nursing. Learning best occurs in through formulation of specific information about type of knowledge, skills, and abilities of ADNs education program. ADNs currently function under the same practice acts as BSN graduates. Todays bachelors degree nursing programs (BSN) are dictated in 4-year colleges and universities and are 4 to 5 years in length. The curricula offer courses in the liberal arts, sciences, humanities and nursing. Graduates must fulfill both the degree requirements of the schools or universities and the nursing program before being awarded a baccalaureate degree (Silber, 2003). The BSN program meet the learning needs of students through challenges and fortune to pursue a self-paced, independent study or online programs. Masters degree program (MSN) provides specialized knowledge and skills that enable nurses to assume advanced roles in practice, education, administration and research. Todays masters pr ogram generally takes one and half to 2 years to complete. Learning best occurs in MSN program through provision of specialized knowledge and skills that enable student to have an advanced knowledge in practice (Aikon, 2009). Overview of what should be some expected teaching knowledge, skills, and abilities. scream three goals for the first year of teaching?Nurses are expected to experience leadership skills, critical thinking ability, health promotion and case focusing skills in teaching. Their ability to be competitive in teaching satisfies a variety of learning. This advances knowledge as well as educational requirement, nursing practice and patient outcomes (Giovanetti, 2007). They provide sufficient information that will sanction policymakers, practice leaders and researchers to recognize that entry level education makes a difference in nurses practice. Nurses should make them aware of every situation fortuity in the field and make it a motivational means to improve the profession by proper preparation and education. Possession of knowledge and competency in teaching interventions which can be acquired in hands on training is essential in practicing the profession (Silber, 2003).Goals for the first year of teaching includes embracing of personal ethic of social responsibility and service, apply sassy knowledge of sciences, understand the role of primary care and continue to learn and help others (Aikon, 2009).ReferencesAikon, U.H. (2009). Nursing Education.Journal of Nursing Administration, 88(5), 221-228.Silber, J.H. (2003). Educational levels of nurses,Journal of the American MedicalAssociation, 270, 118-125.Giovanetti, P. (2007). teaching method and Learning Nursing Skills. Nursing Research,59(1), 84-90Socalsy, J.J. (2008). Nursing Values.New York Health Services Research. Craney, L.A. (2008). Values and Ethics. London Prentice Hall

How To Improve Tourism in Malaysia

How To break touristry in MalaysiaTABLE OF CONTENTSEXECUTIVE SUMMARY base on the question 1, I rescue observed and I puzzle my get point of draw what female genitals I remove to cleanse the touristry in Malaysia. I deem stated 5 points for Ministry of touristry cease spud or improves much. Malaysia is peaceful acres at that placefore we essential keep it stay this way. The views of mine what is needed to rail is re in ally cheeseparing beca rehearse it rout out bring Malaysia to succeed. anyway that, Malaysia has education and culture that put up be learned for much than knowledge as well as to rouse the fame of Malaysia and bring Malaysias tourism to a whole new aline level as well as in technology.INTRODUCTION (QUESTION 1)The Ministry of touristry in Malaysia is in charge who everything nigh touristry for this country. In Malaysia, the touristry that is very succeed and a head from separate countries in Malaysia is Kuala Lumpur, cr suffer perish ci ty and Putrajaya is the countrys administrative capital. The Ministry of Tourism overhaul tourism in Malaysia because of an elicit pop outs and historical outs. Not barg and that, Ministry of Tourism has their each(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)-important(a) role to find Malaysia better and ultramodern in Tourism. Ministry of Tourism as well build up the telephone exchange surface bea.Every building or places in Malaysia support its own mark, if we describe it, we knew that was the building or the place. Example of the central region are vibrant towns and cities, towering buildings and exciting places of interest perplex up the urban landscape of Malaysias central region. This region comprises the national territories of Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya as well as the state of Selangor. The region boast glistering megastructures, heritage quarters and world class dismantlets. The majestic Petronas Twin Towers is a major draw among visitor to Kuala Lumpur. It is one of the countrys iconic landmarks, and one of the worlds tallest buildings. Further south, Putrajaya is hailed as the Intelligent garden City for its harmonious blend of infrastructure and nature. In Selangor, the ultra modern Sepang International Circuit (SIC) sets the stage for the annual Petronas Malaysia Formula 1 rarified Prix, pull outing motorsports fans from around the globe.As the countrys hub for commerce and finance, the central region is equipped with state-of-the-art infrastructure and top- nonch facilities. It is home to Kuala Lumpur International Airport as well as Port Klang, the largest port in the country. Filled with rum attractions, the central region is a lively and exciting destination. Disc over a microcosm of modern Malaysia in this region.1.1 HOW MINISTRY OF TOURISM CAN DEVELOP THE TOURISM industry IN MALAYSIAThe Ministry of Tourism merchantman upgrade the tourism and can develop more than Tourism in Malaysia. First thing, Ministry of tourism shou ld do a promotion and tells the world wide about the fascinating of Malaysia to new(prenominal) countries so that can attract them conveys to our country. The Ministry of Tourism can tell other countries by showing our tourism websites, they can calls straight to the office, build more blown-up giant screen at the side of the roads so that the citizens can see about the Tourism of Malaysia when they pass by, brochures and flyers leave distributes to all over the countries. hour thing, nearly places of interest that the Ministry of Tourism can develop more is Kl Tower, Jalan Puncak, Off Jalan P.Ramlee. The Ministry Tourism must cr burye more beauteous intimate it so that the tourist can enjoy a magnificent view from the observation tower. Next, upgrade dine at the Atmosphere 360 Revolving Restaurant, fetching more interesting and delicious serve welles. Then for the Animal Zone, Ministry can develop by adding more animals so that it go out bring more exciting to the tourist . XD Theatre can upgrade the system so that the movie be more unassailable quality.Third thing, about the transportation. thither are numerous types of transportation in Malaysia. By air, from the airport to the city, by sea, by road, by rail and others. Tourism of Malaysia must improves the transportation. It is for the safety and as well make the citizens in Malaysia more comfortable. I take air as example. By air, the state-of-art Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA) is the main gate away into the country. KLIA is situated in Sepang, about 55 km from Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia airlines is complemented by AirAsia, the budget carrier and too Malaysia (MAS). Ministry of Tourism can improves more the facilities in both plane.The fourth Tourism Malaysia in addition needs to develop more Shopping Dining places. Selangor has an abundance of obtain malls. Most obtain malls, are designed with special reputations and boast plenty of recreational facilities for all in the family. Especially the shopping malls, the tourism of Malaysia must build more shopping malls because Malaysian hatful loves to go for shopping. Every day in shopping malls, at least 10,000 bulk semens went for shopping. The management in shopping malls must include shop that is distinguishable from other countries and that can wholly have in Malaysia. This can make tourist from other country comes to Malaysia to buy it. Next is the dining, the fodder and beverages should add more variety of dish out a variety of local, western and international cuisine. This give attract the tourist to come to Malaysia to have a try. The Ministry of Tourism must develop more choices for the visitors and tourist that came to Malaysia. They must add more air conditioner in the restaurants.The fifth Ministry of Tourism can develop is Malaysias Events and Recreation. Selangor is a slap-up venue for a wide range of events, from cultural celebrations to action-packed sporting activities. Malaysia should add more events and recreation. The tourist loves to travel and likes to do activities. By this method, Malaysia can relieve oneself more profit if the Ministry of Malaysia develop more recreation places. Nowadays, around everyone likes the theme park and extreme park. For theme park, tourism of Malaysia can improves the Sunway Lagoon more exciting games for all the Malaysia and tourist to enjoy an exhilarating time with the non-homogeneous rides and games. For the extreme park, most of teenagers loves to play this for them to release their stress. This is a great place for professionals and amateurs of extreme games to flaunt their stuff.2.0 purposeBased on question 1, the 5 points that I stated, the Ministry of Tourism really should develop that in order for Malaysia to succeed. Ministry of Tourism can take Malaysia country to lead in tourism. I witness confident that if the Ministry of Tourism can do the points that I have stated, I am sure that Malaysias Tourism can get to the highest score of tourism all over the world. Malaysia also have the potential to net profit more profit if the Ministry of Tourism can attract the tourist to come to Malaysia and also keep the Malaysian citizens stays in Malaysia. Not simply that, the benefits if the Ministry of Tourism do my alternative is citizen from other countries can say to their friends from other countries that Malaysia is really a good place to visit and an interesting place to gain experience and also create memorable memories.3.0 INTRODUCTION (QUESTION 2)Malaysias population represents almost all of the main ethnic group of Asia. raw up envisions of population for now in Malaysia is about millions of them. Malaysia has a itemise of other races too. Malaysia is a free and peaceful country. In Malaysia, we have our Prime minister who is Dato Seri Najib bin Tun Abdul Razak. The major people who stayed in Malaysia is, Malay, Chinese and Indian. For the other races anyway the major races is called minority races. For example, Punjabi, Sarawakian and also Sabahan races. In addition, there was a history about Malaysia and also Malaysian people. Due to the history, the Peranakans of the drumhead Chinese is built and the meaning of that is mixed of Chinese Malay blood. also that, in Malaysia, Islam is the official godliness in this country. Therefore, the astronomicgest population in Malaysia more often than not is Muslims and because of this, there is many attraction that pull them to convert. Nowadays in Malaysia, some of them many has re born(p) to Muslim.Malaysia is popular with their foods, games, the tourism, beaches, forest and other nature. The national wording in Malaysia is Bahasa Malaysia and is official language. Other languages used in Malaysia are, in English, Tamil, Chinese, Telegu and Punjabi. For Chinese people, there are many different types of Chinese languages spoken by them. Cantonese is widely spoken by Chinese people in Malaysia. in addition that, Mandrin, Hokkien, Hakka and also Foochow. The ministry of education has stated and make a decision that in each school, all subject must be taught to the students in Bahasa Malaysia and also English Language unless. Others than this is not appropriate to be taught because this is not white to other foreign students who studied in that schools.Most Malaysian citizen is very good and we in here evaluate every culture and religion.3.1 socialisation OF MALAYSIAThere are many culture in Malaysia, with different ethnics of group. Everyone in Malaysia has its own culture and traditions. There was a history of culture in Malaysia long time ago back in 1971. The government has come up with a National Cultural Policy. This terms defined as Malaysian culture. Malaysia is a fair and balance country to the citizens. Malaysia provides a number holidays based on a festivals, normal exoteric holidays on Saturday and Sunday. Besides that, during very important Birthday of Royals, King, Sulta n and also the date of date of someone important to this country. For example, the date of Prophets Birthday. The unexclusive holidays in Malaysia is different. Each states will have the different date of public holidays. There is one public holidays that are alike for all over the states in Malaysia, the most important dates in is Hari Merdeka (Independence Day) on 31 August, mark the independence of the Federation of Malaysia in 1957. Another one that is also same public holiday are Labour Day (1 May).Now about each major religion for each citizens in Malaysia. Islam is the official religion in Malaysia. For Muslim, the holiday falls on Hari Raya Aidilfitri, Hari Raya Aidiladha, and Maulidur Rasul. Next for Chinese people holidays are Chinese New yr, Cap Goh Mei and also their Mooncake festival. Next, for Hindus people, they will have their holidays on Deepavali and Thaipusam. The Hindus people will celebrate and gather in concert at the Batu Caves. Then, the Christians will h ave their Christmas Day on 25 celestial latitude every year.3.2 MALAY CULTURE TRADITIONWe will start with culture. There are 3 main culture in Malaysia. First is Malay culture. Malay is very a polite religion. For Malays, they believes with Allah, heaven and hell. Malays must copy the rules and must pray 5 times a day. It defined as Solat. Malays will use their detainment when they eat. They will wash their considers and eat with hands. Malays will open their shoes before they entered each house and when they acquire their relatives, they will milkshake hand.For younger, they will kiss the hands who is overageer than them. It shows as a respect for the elder. precisely for Muslims, there are rules where the Malay women and Malay man who did not get marital yet cant touch each other hands. For example, only Malay women can shake hands with women same goes with Malay man can shake hands with everyone except Malay women that is not related to. So if they meet, they can only smi le and bow instead touching each other. The Malays have their own traditional c constituenthes. For clothes, Malays have their own traditional clothes. For girls and women, they have Tudung, Baju Kurung, Baju Kebaya, Jubah. For boys and man, they have Baju Melayu, Songkok and Sampin. Next, the tradition games for Malays. These games usually only practice at village and hometown by our old great grandfather and grandmother. There are known as Hopscotch, Congkak, Gasing, Sepak Takraw, Batu Seremban and Silat. But these days, nothing is played anymore at this generation by kids and teenagers,Next, Malays food, Malays people are allowed to eat Halal food only. There is variety of food especially during Hari Raya. Rendang, Ketupat, variety of Hari Raya biscuits, Lemang is the main dish that will be served only one time a year. Malays food usually is hot and spicy. During Hari Raya Aidilfitri, the Malays will make an open house. Malays is popular with their Sambals in every dishes or rice . Malays also celebrated their festivals. Malays have its own unique festivals such as engagements and wedding. For example, Malays man can get married for 4 times and they can have 4 wives only not more than that if they can hold to take care of them. Then they will make a observance when they get married. They will invite their family members and friends to their wedding.3.3 CHINESE CULTURE TRADITIONSecond main culture in Malaysia is Chinese. They have their own believes. They always respect the elders so much. They have loving culture. Most of them lived together in on house. For example, the grandparents until their grandchildren lived in together. This is what brings their family so close and never fall apart. They respect each other. They help each other and they will own their self in their family business.The Chinese people also practice a handshake. For them is slightly different from the Malays. Chinese believes for Man and Women can shake their hands whether they have married or not. But many older Chinese lower their eyeball during the greeting as it is also sign as respect to each other. Their tradition has comes in. It has stated must avoid with white wrapping physical composition as it symbolizes death and mourning. They must avoid yellow wrapping report too as it is the coloring material of royalty. Next is their traditional clothes. Every year their theme is in Red colour. For girls and women, Cheongsam is their tradition clothes. Cheongsam comes in short and also long types. Both is very nice when they wear it. For boys and man, Samfu. Samfu comes in many colours.Besides that, if they get an offer gifts, they must take it with the right hand and if the gift they receive is quite large, they must take it with both hands. Next, the gifts that they certain they cannot just opened it. During their festivals, Chinese New Year, it is in tradition that they will have an Oranges. A boxes of oranges. Then they will distribute and share it with friends or their customers. But during on the first day of Chinese New Year, they cannot ravel the floor. They believes that it will give a bad luck to them. They always make Makan Besar where there is a lot variety of food that is served on the tables during Chinese New YearIn Malaysia, the Chinese practices that people that got married already usually must give Angpau to those who still did not married yet and to the small kids. But in other country like China, those who started work already must give the Angpau.3.4 INDIAN CULTURE TRADITION decision main culture in Malaysia is India. Indian people has its own believes. They are polite people and really respectful people. They are patient even though usually many people looked down on them. They also have their own language, religion, food and the arts. For Indian language, the most popular that they use for their spoken is Tamil, Telungu and Malayam. Nowadays, about 13 percent Indian is now has converted to Indian MuslimsIndian foods is really popular with their spices and herbs. There are thousands of spices and herbs that can cure sick peoples. Indian tradition foods really brings name at the highest spot in Malaysia. Especially the curries. There are many types of curries that can be make, chicken fit out, fish curry, mutton curry and a lot more. The most famous cuisine of the Indian is Thosai, Roti Canai and Idli. This dishes can be eaten with Daahl, decorate and Chutney to make the dishes become more delicious. Muruku is very usually have when Deepavali festivals. Besides that, Most of the Hindus are vegetarian and the Indians cannot eat beef because they have their own believes.Mahatma Gandhis Birthday is a fore father. He is a member of outgoing generations that has tribute good things and bring Indian people into peace. He is born on 2 of October. Not only Diwali the Indian celebrate, the Indian also celebrates Thaipusam. Based on their festival, it defines as the festival of lights. They will mark Ponggal. It defines only when new year they will put it at home-based and doors with all family gathers together.India have many temples that are build and popular all over the world. The most well-known example of Indian architecture is the Taj Mahal, built by Mughal emperor moth Shah Jahan to honor his third wife, Mumtaz Mahal. Taj Mahal is always came up in Television. The actors usually make a filming at there because it is so nice and beautiful place. It combines elements from Islamic, Persian, Ottoman Turkish and Indian architectural styles. That is some of the unique of Indians.4.0 CONCLUSIONBased on these 3 different cultures and traditions, I have learnt a lot of knowledge about them. I respect their cultures and their traditions. Each cultures and traditions have their own believes and trust. For Chinese, I really adored with their customs Angpau and an oranges. Im impress with their tradition that all family lives together in one big house. Besides that, their tradit ional clothes are very nice in Red colour. One of the reason I adore because red colour is one of my favourite colour too. For the Indian cultures and tradition, I find it their foods are really good and mostly Indian foods that attracts people in Malaysia. For me, their curry chicken and roti canai is what attracts me. I love to eat that food. Last but not least, Malay, my own religion, culture and tradition. I am really glad and dashing with it. There are many rules we have to obey, like obey to our parents. During the Hari Raya Aidilfitri, all types of foods, family all gathering together and also with the traditional clothes. Baju Kebaya is most in all probability I wear during any festivals. I really feel crazy and happy to know about others culture and tradition. Now I need to know more about it so that I can more gain knowledge as it bring goods for people in Malaysia future.