On the Job Training Essay

The students now days, enrolling related to Hospitality Industry. Because it is the in-demand course in all Universities and it has higher job opportunities. One of the fastest growing sectors of the economy of our time is the hospitality industry. The hospitality industry alone is a multi-billion dollar and growing enterprise. The hospitality industry includes cooperative relationships with multiple organizations. For example, hotels are allied with airlines, car rental agencies, other hotels, suppliers, travel agencies, and restaurants. Thus the hospitality industry includes multiple dimensions such as the tourism industry, the restaurant industry, and sundry other industries that are related to these industries. The hospitality industry includes the following segments: lodging (hotels), commercial food service (restaurants and catering), institutional food service, casinos, cruise lines, travel agency services, event services, convention hosting, arena services, sport complex management, resorts, parks, clubs, tourism, and transportation services related to the other segments of the industry. Read more:Â  OJT Experience in Restaurant It is exciting; in hospitality industry it will be never boring and offers unlimited opportunities to us. The hospitality industry is diverse enough for people to work in different areas of interest and still be employed within the hospitality industry. The Bachelor of Science in Hotel and Restaurant Management is a 4 year degree course that aims to develop the student to become a hotel and restaurant entrepreneurs and executives in the city of San Pablo in the province of Laguna and the entire country in general. It will provide the students with basic, liberal education and professional skills and entrepreneurship in the hotel and restaurant industry. Aside having a four year course it also offers a 2 year course which is the Diploma in Hotel and Restaurant Management that aims to provide skilled in hotel and restaurant employees and entrepreneurs in the San Pablo City Laguna. Being a certified student of the Laguna State Polytechnic University one of the pre-requisite of a student to be able to pass the courses chosen is On the Job training to undergo, On the Job training (OJT) is one of the best training methods because it is planned, organized and satisfied as the employee’s worksite. OJT will generally be the primary method used for broadening the employee’s skills and increasing productivity it is particularly appropriate for developing proficiency skills unique to as employee’s job- especially jobs that are relatively easy to learn and require locally-owned equipment and facilities. Through the experience and through the hard-work, the students the students itself will be urgently by its employment. The employability refers to a person’s capability of gaining initial employment, maintaining employment, and obtaining new employment if required (Hillage and Pollard 1998). In simple terms, employability is about being capable of getting and keeping fulfilling work. More comprehensively, employability is the capability to move self-sufficiently within the labor market to realize potential through sustainable employment. For individuals, employability depends on the knowledge, skills and attitudes (KSA’s) they posses, the way they use those assets and present them to employers and the context (e. g. personal circumstances and labor market environment) within which they seek work due to it. (Campbell, J. P. 1990) First, Campbell defines performance a behavior. It is something done by the employee. This concept differentiates performance from outcomes. Outcomes are the result of an individual’s performance, but they are also the result of other influences. In other words, there are more factors that determine outcomes than just an employee’s behaviors and actions. In Laguna State Polytechnic University the prestigious school provides a quality of education to pursue the students to learn everything that covers their chosen career; they give the students a lot of opportunities to experience a lot of things that some other students can’t experience in their chosen courses. The training affects the performance of the Hotel and Restaurant Management students in terms of what they experienced and what they have learned. Having training makes the students more confident to face any challenges that will measure the capabilities of their skill to handle the responsibilities given to them. Thus, training plays a big role in every Hotel and Restaurant Management student’s career, from this they will be out of their shell and will start to grow. Locking for a bright future with their mind and heart holding the learning’s they have got to make their performance the best of all the best. This research study could provide information that can help the department to pursue more possible opportunities for the Hotel and Restaurant Management Students, especially second year students, this could be a basis for them to know if the past graduate students learn from their OJT program, and if theirs something they can do for their selves to progress their training when its already their turn. Because to keep the students abreast to this fast changing industry the students need to updated and competent to be and effective Hotel and Restaurant Management students, because the industry needs an effective people in their chosen field, competent enough for what they have learned and more for development. Not only for their own development but also for the country’s development. Background of the Study: The researcher wants to find out what is the difference between the 4th year On the Job Training from their 2nd year On the Job Training to their employability. In the Laguna State Polytechnic University the On the Job training of the Hotel and Restaurant Management students will be conduct during their 2nd year and 4th year level of the school period. The students is supposed to use the things they have learned in school and consign it in during their practice this can improve their acquire skills and knowledge to Front office Management, Food and Beverage Management and Housekeeping Management, for them to be competitive enough and be employable in the future. There are trainees who seemed not too learned from their chosen establishment, maybe some students are not taking their training seriously because they think OJT is a simple requirement they need to complete, to pass the semester. Some establishment does not prioritize the trainee that’s why they only gained limited skills and facts from their chosen establishment. Sometimes the student is immovable in one area and do not swivel to another. So the result of this is lacking knowledge and skill to another area, because the establishment concentrates the students to what rea they have start with. The 4th year level On the Job training Program for the students is the verdict time for them to apply what they have really learned in four years of studying Hotel and Restaurant Management. In this level the researcher wants to find out the improvement of the students from their past training, whether the trainee’s are physically and mentally fit? Are their learning’s enough for them to be competitive is this field? Or are they are still the juvenile students that don’t take seriously from what they are doing?

Find 5 different ways in which Steinbeck suspends the tension of the moment Essay

1. Stalling the narrative – punctuation 2. Pauses and silence – punctuation 3. Description of sights and sounds 4. Symbolism- light/darkness 5. Verbs and adverbs Ella Hart Practice English Exam Question Steinbeck uses varying methods in order to create tension and suspense within this extract. His use of punctuation has enabled him to use pauses and silences to create tension, â€Å"awright – take ‘im.† The reader can tell that Candy is very reluctant to let Carlson take his dog to be shot but the pause also shows his resignation; he knows he cannot win the argument. Personally, this makes me empathise with Candy as he is defenceless and his kind heart has been taken advantage of, thus creating and suspending tension as we sadly wait for the dog to be killed. Silences within the novel have a similar effect â€Å"The silence fell on the room again†¦and the silence lasted† Steinbeck is using silences to show how awkward the other characters feel around Candy; in such a lonely society no-one knows how to comfort him as they do not know the feeling of a lost companion. The long gaps between speech extend this uncomfortable atmosphere and build up the suspense of the extract as a whole. The stalling of the narrative also suspends the tension; we are anxious to hear of what happens to Candy and his dog but are being distracted by other characters trying to ease the situation. â€Å"Anybody like to play a little euchre?† George is trying to improve the mood of the room and provide both himself and others with a distraction so that they don’t have to think too much about the pain that Candy is going through. As a reader we just want to know about what will happen but these diversions keep slowing down the pace of the narrative. ‘There came a little gnawing sound†¦all the men looked down towards it gratefully.’ The occupants of the room are seizing every opportunity to not have to focus on the current situation; there is a large amount of tension as both the characters and the reader await the gunshot but Steinbeck is providing many diversions that both increase the tension and extend the storyline. Symbolism is very apparent in this extract; Steinbeck uses it to present the unfortunate circumstances that Candy is in and to foreshadow the imminent outcome, therefore creating tension and suspense. â€Å"Gotta bad gut ache,† even though we know that Candy’s pain is due to what he has eaten, it is representative of a gut feeling that something bad is about to happen. The entrance of Whit is also symbolic â€Å"Candy looked for help†¦it was quite dark outside now. A young labouring man came in.† The darkness signifies that there is no hope for Candy now, he is looking for help but there is no-one willing the help him. It represents the end of the dog’s life and the end of Candy’s companionship. We instantly know that the dog will die as death and hopelessness have been denoted, we are just waiting for it to happen, creating suspense. However, the entrance of Whit provides Candy with a false hope; Whit could distract from the topic of the dog and make everyone forget. During this entire part it is very tense for both Candy and the reader, Candy is hoping in desperation that Carlson will be sidetracked and let the dog live on for another day and the reader awaits in suspension to find out what happens. The symbolism of darkness is used again â€Å"He led the dog out into the darkness.† Carlson has finally got his way and Candy’s efforts proved to be in vain, the dog is being led out to its death, and there is no hope for it now. Steinbeck’s use of both verbs and adverbs help to suspend the tension within this extract ‘He pointed with his toe.’ Carlson is being very blunt about his plans to shoot the dog, showing very little consideration to the thoughts and feelings of Candy. By pointing to the dog with his foot he is showing an apparent lack of empathy for the animal, he is very selfish and only wants rid of the dog because of his odour. I personally am angered by Carlson’s actions and want Candy to defend himself and the dog, thus creating tension and suspense as we wait to see if Candy will react. After he has reluctantly agreed to let Carlson kill the dog we are worried for Candy as we know how much it meant to him. ‘Candy lay rigidly on his bed’ he is unable to move due to shock and pain and although he doesn’t want to show this through obvious emotion due to his pride, we know how isolated he feels. ‘He rolled slowly over and faced the wall and lay silent’ again, Candy does not want to show his feelings, by rolling over he is trying to block out the rest of the people along with the very tense atmosphere of the room. By rolling slowly he is showing how vulnerable he is right now, he is a defenceless old man who has just has his only companion taken cruelly away from him. His silence illustrates his new found grief and complete loneliness. These slow, quiet movements that block out the rest of the room make the characters feel very awkward, the tension is suspended and the mood of the room very uncomfortable, no-one wants to be the first to break the silence and distract Candy from his thoughts. Descriptions of sounds are also used by Steinbeck to intensify the suspense felt in the room in this extract. ‘There came a little gnawing sound’ the room is so quiet and tense that mice can be heard but also the men leap upon this chance for a distraction from Candy’s pain. ‘Carlson’s footsteps died away.’ As long as the characters (especially Candy) could still hear Carlson walking they knew that the dog was not yet dead. As a reader, the end of his footsteps left me knowing that the dog only had a matter of seconds left to live, forming suspense as we wait for his death. ‘A shot sounded in the distance’ This is a turning point in the extract, throughout the pages we have been waiting tensely for the death of the dog and at this point we are no longer hoping that Carlson will change his mind because we know it is too late. All the tension that has been suspended is released although the unease felt in the room deepens as the characters sympathise with Candy but do not know how to appease the situation. Throughout this extract Steinbeck has suspended the tension by use of pauses & silences, the stalling of the narrative, symbolism, verbs & adverbs and descriptions of sounds. He has provided Candy with small amounts of false hope but these proved futile. I personally think that the tension and suspense was very apparent and as I read I empathised with Candy and was anxious about his dog.

Theories, Practices, and Ethics of Leadership Assignment - 1

Theories, Practices, and Ethics of Leadership - Assignment Example 2. Some of the behavioural patterns, characteristics and shadows which fuel evil include our own individual insecurities. These insecurities are normally caused by the ignorance of our cultures and the cultures of other people. These insecurities may also be due to lifestyles, whereby people engage in evil activities in order to live in a certain way. The human need for respect and recognition may also push some people to be insecure and thus engage in evil activities to satisfy these needs. Insecurities may also be caused by low esteem. Some people normally do evil things in order to feel satisfied and boost their self-esteem. The need for power and strength also fuels evil. This may come in the form of oppression and suppression on the basis of race, religion, financial power, political affiliation, gender and job opportunities. For example, one might result in the oppression of a minority race in order to strengthen himself politically or financially. Acts of deceit and defensiveness may also fuel evil. The evil that may stem from deceit or defensiveness includes refusal to listen to feedback or other people’s views, anger, pessimism and blaming others for things they are not responsible for (Baumeister, 2001). 3. a) Dreadful pleasure: this is when someone knowingly and enjoyably inflicts pain or suffering on another person in order to hide one’s fear. For example, one might have a fear of being vulnerable, so he does things to make other people live in fear. b) Deception: this is when one becomes absorbed with himself and makes himself look like he is without any faults. These self-righteous people are very conscious of their personal appearances and will attack anyone who discovers their dark side. For example, one might pretend to be God-fearing and holy, but deep inside he is not as righteous as he wants to look. He may pretend to do good things when in the company of other people but turn to evil deeds when no one is watching.  

Healthcare Financial Reform Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Healthcare Financial Reform - Research Paper Example Health care planning and reforms is not revolution but evolutional. Healthcare financial system should be reformed to ensure effective operation of the system. Health coverage should be available to each person even people with low income. The government alone can not provide enough funds for healthcare systems. For effective operation, healthcare systems need financial assistance from other organizations. The existing financial operations are not adequate, and that is why reform is needed. Taxation According to Karl (2010), one of the areas which need reforms is taxation. The current trend in taxation of healthcare services does not promote effectiveness of the operations. Many countries collect an enormous sum of money in taxation of healthcare workers, healthcare insurance and health facilities. The funds collected as tax can source other services in the healthcare systems. Many companies pay wages to their employees, but they do not pay insurance taxes. The employees take care of the insurance taxes which reduce income. The government does not spend the taxed amount in facilitating health services. Many states charge a huge sum of money as a form of tax to individuals establishing health care services system. Those systems include hospitals, clinics, dispensary, laboratory services centre and x ray units. In the establishment of those systems, the government requires a lot of money as tax. An individual also pays for other bills. This has made many people avoid opening private healthcare systems. In many states, the government healthcare services systems are many than private, and this leads to congestion in the hospitals leading to poor services. The government should revise the bills regarding taxation of the healthcare services. The government should reduce taxation to the people willing to establish private health care systems. If the government can abolish the tax, many health centers could arise. Creation of many health centers will lead to effective and efficient services because of competition (Karl, 2011). In many countries, governments do not have enough facilities to handle every health problems. The governments imports facilities from different countries. In case of importation, it pays a lot of money for values added tax. Some government officials decide not to buy the facilities due to the large amount of tax. This leads to poor services due to lack of infrastructures. In private hospitals, they work for profit. In case of payment of high taxes while buying facilities, it means that the hospitals will make a little profit. As a result, people opt not to engage in health service business and leave the work to the government. The manufactures of healthcare facilities should reduce tax and sell the facilities at an appropriate price. The government should also make sure that it has enough funds to buy infrastructures even at a high cost. People running private hospital also should make sure that, they have enough facilities to handle each health problem. In taxation of healthcare workers, the government charges a lot of money, which makes many of the workers to quite the job. Many of the workers have decided to quit the profession due to excessive payment of tax. They opt to open private business in order to avoid payment of taxes. Insurance covers also charges taxes, which make many individuals not able to take a cover. The government should reduce taxes to employees in the healthcare system (Baker, 2011). This will motivate the workers

Midterm Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Midterm - Essay Example Teachers who scored high in the survey were contacted through an individual interview, which was a blend of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. This study increased the research about motivation among teachers, and supported future studies related to motivation among teachers in urban schools and the influence of demographic characteristics upon their decision to stay. Central questions that this study sought to answer were: Are science teachers in urban setting intrinsically motivated about persisting in urban schools? Do years of experience/race affect science teachers’ motivation (autonomy, relatedness, and competence)? How the decision to stay was affected by science teachers’ practice and identity? These questions were answered based on results of the Intrinsic Motivation Study. The results of this study suggested that teachers have intrinsic motivation as well as extrinsic motivation. It was found that years of experience and ethnicity did not affect teachers†™ motivation to stay and teach in urban schools. Chapter 5 provides a full account of the data and results of the study. The following paragraphs provide a summary of the findings of the study, discussion, implications, and recommendations for future research. Interpretation of Findings Survey The majority of teachers did not agree on reporting which intrinsic motivation factors were more important to them. There might be other motivational reasons (extrinsic or intrinsic) that result in their job persistence. In this study, I only investigated the autonomy, relatedness, and competence among science teachers. I recommend future researchers to do compression between extrinsic and intrinsic motivation among teachers, which will give a better vision about the motivational factors. Next, findings from the analyses revealed that none of the dependent variables were impacted by the independent variable. The results from ANOVA indicated that it could not attribute differences in intrinsi c motivation and working experience to either ethnicity or teaching experience. The independent variables that were studied did not significantly affect the majority of science teachers’ intrinsic motivation. In terms of years of experience, the findings came to an understanding of Huang and Moon (2009), who found that after 21 years of teaching experience, student achievement dropped. In this study, 36.2% selected a general response, indicating more than 15 years of teaching experience. Also, The National Board for Professional Teaching Standards (NBPTS) certification found that many teachers were still in the stage of gaining proficiency and improving their effectiveness after an average of 11 years of teaching. So, experience might not be a precise variable to test competence, autonomy, and relatedness. Hence, it is recommended for future researches to find the experience more valuable by conducting such a study which compares beginners with stayers. In terms of the ethnic ity, the majority of teachers were white as 68.1% of them indicated having White/Caucasian ethnicity. The high percentage of Caucasian ethnicity was likely to bias the data; however, my data supported The National Education Association (2007), which reported that more than 38% of schools across America do not have teachers of color in

Changes in Human Resource Management at BMW Company Essay

Changes in Human Resource Management at BMW Company - Essay Example BMW Company has two manufacturing groups mainly the Mini and Rolls-Royce and it has been documented that they produced more than 1.3 million vehicles in 2006. Reports further indicate that by 2010, the company stepped up its production to more than I.4million vehicles (Oliver 2008,p.576). It was found that the company had settled on the production of motorcycles after the completion of the First World War and later advanced into the production of vehicles. Human Resource Policy. With the era of improved business, BMW has changed its strategy to accommodate their customers as they have applied one that focused on serving their customers. In the last decade, the company has developed to be more practical and willing to accommodate change that is customer oriented (Dessler 2000,p.81). The organizational structure has been rearranged in that it can be able to handle new operation styles. The culture that exists in the company has helped a great deal in the implementation of the new strat egies that have been put in place and thus ensuring the success of the strategies (Gilmore & Williams 2009,p.83).This is an indication that the human resource policies have played a vital role in the good performance of the organization. Due to the pressure emanating from competition between BMW and other companies as well as the national economies, the organization has had to undertake several changes especially in the management of their human resource so as to be able to beat the competition at the international market.  

Analysis of Market Structures and Relating Pricing Strategies Research Paper

Analysis of Market Structures and Relating Pricing Strategies - Research Paper Example The decision of what the price for any given product or commodity should be made often has little to do with what it actually costs to produce and distribute a particular product. Fixed costs such as these are invariably influenced by the surrounding market structure in which the enterprise must operate. An evaluation must be made concerning what effect competitors will exert upon the market in which the firm operates. This becomes at least as important as any material production costs. Different strategies must be depending upon how other sellers are likely to react and what effect these sellers are able to exert upon the particular firm in question. The ability to shape the marketplace is an essential characteristic underscoring any market strategy, even as the rival firms try to do the same. It is necessary to cultivate an understanding of what effect the target firm's choices will have on the market place and how this interplay controls the behavior of other sellers, if any influ ence is meaningful (Samuelson & Marks, 2012) Depending on the political and economic environments in which the target firm finds itself, there is the possibility that other firms are effectively invisible, or remain so powerful that no plausible action can change the market. Relative to the status and assets of the target firm, other competitors may prove to be so small that their behavior has no discernible impact on the larger marketplace in which the target firm operates. In this case, it is possible to adjust prices in order to capitalize on opportunities to deliver the product or service in question – with concern only for what the law and buyer can pay. The other possibility is a setting, in which competing firms exist, that are so large and powerful relative to the target company that virtually no pricing decision will change the fundamental forces of supply and demand within the economic theater. This constitutes the reverse of the previous situation, and short-term o pportunities should be considered in this case, resulting in a different strategic environment with respect to pricing decisions. The interplay can become especially complicated in the third environment, in which the other sellers delivering the commodity in question are of approximately equal size to the target firm and are, therefore, influential and influenced by one another. Each company must be concerned only partially with real costs in terms of the physical delivery of goods and services, but must instead constrain oneself based on the behavior of competitors of equal size. In this case, physical production costs may have renewed importance because the firm capable of reducing them can command an obvious advantage over its rivals. Yet such gains may be temporary as this will prompt competing operations into a drive of innovative cost-cutting, which in a competitive marketplace is likely to be ongoing. The interaction of supply and demand colors each of these scenarios. A riva l firm exponentially larger than a given target firm has the potential to be much more competitive. If the disparity is too great, even if the target firm is able to deliver a commodity at a lower price, it would not be able to meet the demand already supplied by the much larger firm. Here is a problem of "getting a foot in the door," and regardless of

The primary responsibility of Businesses is to increase the profit of Essay

The primary responsibility of Businesses is to increase the profit of their shareholders - Essay Example While others believe that the primary responsibility of any business enterprise is to maximize the profits of the shareholders, others feel that a business should go far beyond just profit maximization. Zain (2008) gave a comparison of the divergent views of Milton Friedman and Archie Carroll concerning the responsibility of business in a society. Friedman believes that the main responsibility of a business is to maximize the profits of the shareholders and the interest of the shareholders should be the many area of concern in any business industry (Zain, 2008). Theorists like Friedman leave it at that and argues that a lot of emphasis need only to be put in serving the interest of the shareholders who will only enjoy a handsome return. Others like Carroll go ahead to incorporate other social responsibilities that, they believe, the businesses should perform. Friedman asserts that the management in any business organization should fight to remove all the obstacles that could impede t he maximization of profits. The effect would be translated into overworking the employees of the organization or performing operations that would be hazardous to the environment and the entire community (Zain 2008). According to his reasoning, Friedman believes that provided the firms operate within the regulations that are provided for by the pre-defined legislation, and having taken into account the interest of the shareholders, all the other supposed roles will be automatically fulfilled. Friedman argues that if business organizations simply capitalize on profit maximization while operating under the established legal procedures, then the firm is assured continued life as there will be funds for inventory maintenance and expansion (Zain 2008). In his view, the management of a firm or business enterprise that engages itself in additional social responsibility may be faced with difficulties in executing its duties to be able to sustain the growth and development of the firm. Friedm an points out that â€Å"open and free competition without deception or fraud is the only responsibility of firms,† thus, social responsibilities tend to divert firms from making enough profits as demanded by shareholders (Zain 2008). On the other hand, Archie Carroll has larger view of the supposed responsibility of business. Carroll considers the roles played by businesses as four-fold and extends beyond the maximization of shareholder’s profit. In his view, business plays economic roles, ethical roles, legal roles as well as other voluntary roles that helps shape the society in general (Zain 2008). The first responsibility in this model is in line with Friedman’s profit maximization. To be able to contribute to the macro-economic development, businesses need to emphasize on the maximization of their profits by capitalizing on their strength and market opportunities. Businesses need to embark on thorough market and marketing research so as to identify what typ es of products to deal in, how much to keep in inventory and when to do so. Secondly, the government has the role of providing certain regulations in relation to the business activities to be undertaken as well as the mode of operations. Abiding by these laws and regulations is also a responsibility of business. As Zain (2008) described, â€Å"legal responsibilities are those that are defined by the authorities and firms are required to abide by them in a strict and disciplined manner.† The other set of responsibility that Carroll considers fundamental in the operations of a business enterprise is ethical responsibility. He believes there should be some set of moral standards from which the management of

Children and Young Peoples Workforce (QCF) Coursework

Children and Young Peoples Workforce (QCF) - Coursework Example A key worker system ensures that a practitioner who has been given the responsibility of looking after a number of children, therefore, develops in-depth knowledge about them based on continuous interaction and constant observation of the children. Loving and secure relationships with key carers and parents enable children to grow up to be strong and independent. Children will learn to deal with various circumstances with support from their parents and caregivers. Poor quality attachments have negative effects on the development of babies and children. It has been identified that all kinds of anti-social behaviors are as a result of poor quality attachments between children and their parents. Children who do not have stable childhoods and are not given full attention by their parents do not get opportunities for benefiting from the important learning that takes place in parent-child interactions. Continuous contact with parents and caregivers is therefore important in ensuring children grow up normally. This way, children will be able to form quality attachments to their parents and other individuals (Beaver, Brewster and Jones, 2001p 241). Parents and carers are encouraged to engage sensitively with babies and young children by giving them time to respond. Children and young babies learn best and effectively at their own pace. Parents are therefore encouraged to allow their children adequate time to follow and absorb their own interests. Children have their own time when they can learn, develop, explore as well as practice. Responsive care includes circumstances where the carer is responding to a child’s needs in a sensitive, consistent and prompt manner. Responses provided by the carer should be sensitive towards the needs and preferences of a child. Caregivers should attend to a child’s needs consistently. The carer should be able to respond and manage situations promptly so as to avoid delays.

Critiquing an Argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Critiquing an Argument - Essay Example We have to put emphasis on our tasks to maintain and preserve a safe and hale and hearty environment, from our own human rights to exhausting supplies of natural resources (Lewin 34). Thoreau existed in the era of slavery. He on one occasion spent a night in jail for failing to pay his taxes to the government that sustained it. But his protestation was not only to the slavery of the Negro, but rather the slavery of all people (Murphy 45). As one interpretation has illustrated Walden would be seen as a setting free narrative, the story of a flee from delusion. For Thoreau, the figurative deep South was just two miles away; Agreement, though it restricted family and friends, was a kind of prison people were not aware they were in, imprisoned by materialism and conventionality (Murphy 47). Thoreau prominently stated to his blank page, the mass of men lead lives of quiet desperation. With his acquaintance Ralph Waldo Emerson, Thoreau at the present, stands as a pillar of what may be described as the ethic of American distinctiveness (Murphy 54). The insincerity of this is the fact that they both railed in opposition to so much of what the United States and other Western countries have debatably become: prosperous consumer playgrounds shadowed by not having a personal meaning. Yet Walden and the writings of Emerson that so prejudiced it, is as striking as ever to those in hunt for something more (Lewin 58). Most of the opinions and ideas in it have gone through public awareness, and it has been one of the core inspirations for the modern generation of personal development writers. For example, among the descriptions of nature and people we find these now-famous lines: If one advances confidently in the direction of his own dreams, and endeavors to live the life which he has imagined, he will meet with a success unexpected in common hours, and I know of no more encouraging fact than the unquestionable ability of man to elevate his life by a conscious

Privatization in India Essay Example for Free

Privatization in India Essay Ram Mohan Visiting Faculty, Finance and Accounting Area Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad, India Abstract The proposed research is intended to survey the process of privatization in India and assess its impact on the Indian economy. The central issue we will address is the impact of privatization that has taken place so far on profitability and performance of PSUs. Going beyond this, we will attempt to understand what explains the impact of privatization on performance. Is it the use of market power by oligopolistic firms whose pricing power had been constrained under government ownership ? Is performance bought at the expense of labour through extensive layoffs so that what we see is essentially a transfer from workers to shareholders ? Or are we confusing the impact of privatization with the more generalised impact of deregulation in the economy, which in itself could spur efficiency ? The research output will comprise the following: 1. A survey of the literature on privatization, particularly with respect to less developed countries. 2. A review of the role of the public sector in the Indian economy, and the process of economic liberalization and privatization in India upto this point. 3. Impact of privatization on firm performance. 4. Explanation for the impact of privatization 5. Assessment of mechanisms of corporate governance in India. -2- I. Background: privatization in theory and practice A great wave of privatization has swept the world in the past two decades, embracing the industrial economies, the transition economies of East Europe and large parts of the less developed world, and it continues to roll on. It is interesting, however, that its basis in theory was somewhat shaky to start with. Moreover, a sizable enough body of empirical evidence, on which hypotheses about its impact could be tested, became available only several years down the road. So much of the initial impetus to privatization entailed a leap in faith, and, as happens all too often in the development of knowledge, attempts to explain its impact have followed on the heels of widespread existing practice.

Refractory Monosymptomatic Nocturnal Enuresis Treatment

Refractory Monosymptomatic Nocturnal Enuresis Treatment Role of Posterior Tibial Nerve Stimulation in the Treatment of  Refractory Monosymptomatic Nocturnal Enuresis: A Pilot Study Ali Abdel Raheem,* Yasser Farahat, Osama El-Gamal, Maged Ragab,  Mohamed Radwan, Abdel Hamid El-Bahnasy, Abdel Naser El-Gamasy  and Mohamed Rasheed Purpose: We evaluated the early clinical and urodynamic results of posterior tibial  nerve stimulation in patients with refractory monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis. Materials and Methods: We randomly assigned 28 patients with refractory  monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis to 2 equal groups. Group 1 received a  weekly session of posterior tibial nerve stimulation for 12 weeks and group 2 was  the placebo group. Evaluation was performed in each group at baseline and after  posterior tibial nerve stimulation to compare clinical and urodynamic findings. Another clinical assessment was done 3 months after the first followup. Results: The 2 groups were comparable in baseline clinical and urodynamic data. Overall, 13 patients (46.4%) had detrusor overactivity and 14 (50%) had decreased  bladder capacity. After treatment 11 group 1 patients (78.6%) had a partial or full  response to posterior tibial nerve stimulation but only 2 (14.3%) in group 2 had a  partial response (p 0.002). Also, the average number of wet nights in group 1 was  significantly lower than at baseline (p 0.002). All urodynamic parameters significantly  improved in group 1. In contrast, the number of wet nights and urodynamic  parameters did not change significantly in group 2. At 3-month followup the number  of patients with a partial or full response in group 1 had decreased from 11 (78.6%)  to 6 (42.9%). No change was evident in group 2. Conclusions: Posterior tibial nerve stimulation can be a viable treatment option  in some patients with refractory monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis. However,  deterioration in some responders with time suggests the need for maintenance  protocols. Key Words: urinary bladder, nocturnal enuresis, transcutaneous electric  nerve stimulation, urodynamics, treatment outcome  NOCTURNAL enuresis is usually associated  with severe psychological and social  distress to children and their families. 1 In recent years several treatment  modalities emerged to treat NE, such  as behavioral therapy,2 alarm treatment,  3 medical therapy with desmopressin,  oxybutynin and imipramine,  and combination therapy.4–6 However,  none has been completely successful and  the relapse rate of all of them is significant. 7–9 Therefore, there is a great need  to find other treatments that could be  more effective and durable than current  therapy.  The pathogenesis of refractory NE  was discussed in many studies and attributed  to decreased bladder capacity  and/or PTNS was introduced with early  promising results as neuromodulative  therapy for diseases that involve the  lower urinary tract and for refractory conditions in  adults and children.15–19 These beneficial effects of  PTNS for controlling various bladder disorders led  us to try it in patients with refractory primary MNE.   MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 28 patients were included in this prospective,  randomized, placebo controlled, single blind study from  January 2010 to March 2012 at the urology department at  Tanta University Hospital. The study protocol was reviewed  and approved by the Tanta University institutional  review board. Informed consent was obtained from  all participants or from parents if the patient was younger  than 18 years. We recruited patients with severe (3 or more wet nights  per week) primary MNE at least 6 months in duration in  whom available conventional and combination therapies  had failed, including desmopressin, anticholinergics and  an alarm. We excluded those with secondary NE, nonMNE,  nocturnal polyuria and any neurological abnormality. All patients provided a detailed history and underwent  complete physical examination, urinalysis, x-ray of the  lumbo-sacral spine and ultrasound of the urinary system.   All patients were asked to keep a nocturnal enuresis diary  for 2 weeks, which included the time of sleep and arousal,  and whether they had a dry or wet bed in the morning. Nocturnal urinary output was measured as the total urine  volume collected in the diaper after voiding during the last  night (assessed by weighing the diaper in the morning)  plus the first morning urine volume. Nocturnal polyuria  was defined as nocturnal urine output 130% or greater of   EBC for age.20 The Arabic version of a 2-day frequency-volume chart  (adapted from the Pan Arab Continence Society, www.pacsoffice.com) was obtained from all patients to confirm  that the problem was MNE. Daytime functional bladder capacity was considered the recorded MVV. EBC for age  was calculated by the formula, 30 _ (age in years _ 30). Children with MVV less than 65% of EBC for age were  considered to have a small bladder.20 All patients also underwent urodynamic tests, as performed  by the same urodynamicist using a Delphis-KT  device (Laborie, Toronto, Ontario, Canada), including  1) uroflowmetry with PVR estimation by ultrasound for at  least 2 voids and 2) cystometrogram, including 1 filling  cycle using an 8Fr double lumen urethral catheter with  the patient supine and a slow filling rate of 10 ml per  minute. Patients were randomly divided into 2 equal groups by  method. Randomization was done blindly by having an  independent nurse randomly take a card from an envelope  containing 14 cards for group 1 and 14 for group 2. Group  1 received active PTNS treatment sessions using the  Urgent ® PC Neuromodulation System, while group 2 underwent  a sham procedure. Treatment Protocol We applied the technique described by Stoller.21 The patient  lay supine with the soles of the feet together, and the  knees abducted and flexed (frog position). A 34 gauge  needle was inserted percutaneously approximately 2  inches (5 cm) cephalad to the medial malleolus and 1 cm  from the posterior margin of the tibia at an angle of 60  degrees from the skin surface and the lead wire attached  to it. The surface electrode was placed on the same leg  near the arch of the foot over the calcaneus bone. The  device was turned on and amplitude was slowly increased  until the largest toe of the patient began to curl, the digits  fanned or the entire foot extended, indicating proximity to  the nerve bundle (see figure). If this response was not  achieved or pain occurred near the insertion site, the  device was turned off and the procedure was repeated. When the needle was inserted in the correct position, the  current was set at a tolerable level (pain threshold) and  the session continued for 30 minutes. For the sham procedure we tested only the foot response  to the electrical impulse and then turned off the  apparatus during the whole session. To avoid patient  identification of the type of procedure all participants  were informed that they may or may not feel a sensory  stimulus in the lower extremities during the treatment  sessions. Groups 1 and 2 underwent 12 weekly outpatient treatment  sessions. All participants were advised to stop all  medical treatment for NE at least 1 month before starting  PTNS but to continue behavioral therapy, including fluid  A, neuromodulation system. B, system in use with flexion of left largest toe.   restriction at night, complete bladder emptying before  sleep and awakening 2 hours after sleep to void. Patient Assessment The first patient evaluation was done in the first 2 weeks  after the last session. This evaluation involved repeating  the clinical and urodynamic assessments. The clinical part  included a nocturnal enuresis diary for 2 weeks in which  the number of wet nights/week was reported as well as a  2-day frequency-volume chart. The clinical response to treatment was assessed as  outlined by the International Children’s Continence Society,  including no response—less than a 50% decrease in  the total number of wet nights, partial response—50% to  89% decrease, response—90% or greater decrease and full  response—100% decrease.20 Urodynamic assessment included  uroflowmetry, PVR measurement and cystometry. The second evaluation was done 3 months after the last  session. It involved clinical evaluation using nocturnal  and voiding diaries only. Statistical Analysis All statistical analysis was performed using SPSS ® 17.   Data are shown as the mean SD unless otherwise specified. The Student t and paired sample t tests were used  for comparison between groups and in the same group,  respectively. Nonparametric data were compared by the  Wilcoxon signed ranks or Mann-Whitney U test. Statistical  significance was considered at p 0.05. RESULTS Recruited for this study were 28 patients with refractory  NE who met inclusion criteria. Initial assessment  and baseline characteristics of each group  showed no significant difference in clinical and urodynamic  parameters (table 1). Overall, in the 2  groups DO was present in 13 patients (46.4%) and  14 (50%) had decreased bladder capacity.   The procedure was performed easily with no adverse  effects in all cases. No patient discontinued  the planned sessions. At the end of the PTNS sessions clinical assessment  revealed significant improvement in the average number  of wet nights per week in group 1 (decrease from  4.7 to 2.6, p 0.002, table 2). Compared to the placebo  group, the number of wet nights after treatment was  significantly lower in group 1 (p 0.041, table 2). At  that time 4 group 1 patients (28.6%) had a complete  response to PTNS, 7 (50%) had a partial response and  3 were nonresponders. However, in group 2 there were  2 patients (14.3%) with a partial response, while the  remainder did not respond. When we compared the 2  groups, the difference in this response rate was statistically  significant (p 0.002, table 2). At first evaluation after the end of treatment, the  active group showed significant improvement in all  urodynamic parameters compared to baseline, including  first and strong desire to void, and MCC  (p 0.002, 0.01 and 0.000, respectively, table 2). In  group 2 these parameters did not significantly differ  compared to baseline (table 2). Also, DO disappeared  in 2 of 7 group 1 patients but this improvement was  not noted in the sham treated group (table 2). Statistical  analysis revealed that the difference be- Table 1. Patient characteristics Active Placebo p Value No. boys/girls 8/6 9/5 1 Mean SD age (yrs) 13.7 2.8 14 2.8 0.8 Mean SD body mass index (kg/m2) 24.95 4.40 26.27 4.23 0.43 Mean SD max urine flow (ml/sec) 26.85 6.74 23.28 5.49 0.13 Mean SD PVR (ml) 6.21 7.11 5.86 5.48 0.9 Mean SD daytime frequency 3.9 0.67 4.29 0.64 0.07 Mean SD MVV (ml) 266.57 82 288.93 106.29 0.27 Mean SD No. wet nights/wk 4.7 1.3 5.1 1.4 0.42 No. detrusor overactivity: Present 7 6 1 Absent 7 8 — Mean SD void desire (ml): 1st 148.46 25.89 153.50 21.65 0.59 Strong 260.43 84.18 271.79 75.43 0.71 Mean SD MCC (ml) 291.21 86.82 322.21 76.04 0.32 Table 2. Intragroup and intergroup comparisons of clinical and urodynamic findings after PTNS at first evaluation Active Placebo Baseline After Treatment p Value Baseline After Treatment p Value Posttreatment p Value Mean SD void desire (ml): 1st 148.46 25.89 177.71 35.48 0.002 153.50 21.65 154.14 20.71 0.59 0.041 Strong 260.43 84.18 283.64 72.03 0.01 271.79 75.43 271.6 72.8 0.94 0.67 Mean SD MCC (ml) 291.21 86.82 322.5 65.89 0.000 322.21 76.04 323.57 77.44 0.57 0.97 No. detrusor overactivity: Present 7 5 0.44 6 6 1 0.7 Absent 7 9 8 8 Mean SD MVV (ml) 266.57 82 280.14 71.81 0.022 288.93 106.29 291.07 96.84 0.73 0.6 Mean SD No. wet nights/wk 4.7 1.3 2.6 2.2 0.002 5.1 1.4 4.7 2.1 0.08 0.041 No. response: — — — — Full 4 0 0.002 Partial 7 2 None 3 12 1516 POSTERIOR TIBIAL NERVE STIMULATION FOR REFRACTORY NOCTURNAL ENURESIS tween the 2 groups in this regard was not statistically  significant (p 0.7, table 2). Furthermore, in  this evaluation urodynamic parameters showed that  bladder volume at first desire to void was significantly  higher in group 1 than in group 2 (p 0.041). On the other hand, bladder volume at strong desire  to void and MCC did not significantly differ between  the groups (p 0.67 and 0.97, respectively, table 2). Five of the 8 group 1 patients with decreased EBC  showed improved capacity. MVV also significantly  increased after treatment from a mean of 266.57  82 to 280.14 71.81 cc (p 0.022, table 2). When we studied the relationship between the response  to PTNS and initial urodynamic findings, we  noted that all 10 group 1 patients with small bladder  capacity and/or DO showed a good response to treatment,  including 4 and 6 with a full and partial response,  respectively. However, when we compared the type of  response in those with normal vs abnormal urodynamic  results, the 4 patients with normal urodynamic findings  in this group had a poor response to the sessions, including  3 with no response and 1 with only a partial response. This difference was significant (p 0.007). Clinical results at 3 months after the last session  showed some deterioration in early results in the  active group. In this group the number of patients     ith a full response decreased from 4 to 2 and the  number of those with a partial response decreased  from 7 to 4. No change was detected in the other  group. However, when we compared the response  rate in the 2 groups at this time, we detected no  significant difference (p 0.13). In addition, the  average number of wet nights per week at that time  was 2.9 in group 1 and 4.2 in group 2, which did not  significantly differ (p 0.07). DISCUSSION This study demonstrates that PTNS could be of value  in some patients with primaryMNEin whom previous  conventional therapies failed. To our knowledge this  treatment modality has not been tried before in such  cases but it has been successfully used for overactive  bladder syndrome,22,23 lower urinary tract dysfunction  in adults and children,15,18 refractory overactive bladder,  16 refractory vesical dysfunction19 and refractory  nonneurogenic bladder sphincter dysfunction.17   Absent daytime lower urinary tract symptoms in  patients with NE does not necessarily mean that the  bladder functions well because DO and/or decreased  bladder capacity was previously reported in such  patients.10,11 The clinical response to desmopressin  therapy is less satisfactory when NE is associated  with decreased bladder capacity and/or DO.12–14 In  our study we detected DO and decreased bladder  capacity in 46.4% and 50% of patients, respectively,  although patients with MNE only were included in  analysis. These values agree with previous reports  showing bladder overactivity24 and small bladder  capacity25 in 49% and 50% of children with MNE,  respectively. These findings may partially explain  the mechanism of resistance to the previous treatment  trials in our patients. Our results and those of others reveal that PTNS  can be applied easily and safely in children.18,19  After the 12 PTNS sessions in our series, patients  showed a significant increase in MVV and urodynamic  parameters, including first and strong desire  to void, and MCC, compared to the placebo group. These results agree with those in previous reports  demonstrating that PTNS increased cystometric capacity  from 197 to 252 cc26 and from 243 to 340 cc,27  and increased MVV by 39 cc, which was statistically  significant.23 However, at 3-month followup we detected some  deterioration in the response rate compared to early  results. The overall number of full and partial responders  decreased from 11 (78.6%) to 6 (42.9%) in  group 1. This deterioration during followup suggests  that PTNS may have temporary efficacy and its effect  decreases gradually with time. This finding was also  noted in patients with overactive bladder treated with  PTNS. van der Pal reported that 7 of 11 patients with  an initially good response had evidence of subjective  and objective deterioration after PTNS.28 They suggested  the need for maintenance treatment. The early promising results of this study encouraged  us to suggest that PTNS might be effective  in patients with refractory primary MNE in  whom nocturnal polyuria is not an etiological factor  but in whom the main underlying pathological  condition is decreased bladder capacity and/or DO. However, the exact mechanism that could explain  the mode of action of this treatment modality is  still unknown. PTNS may induce some inhibitory  effects on DO. The existence of this functional  abnormality in the bladder implies that the detrusor  is not completely relaxed between voids.   Therefore, the capacity of the overactive bladder is  usually smaller than that of the bladder with a  normal detrusor. Consequently, the clinical response  usually occurs when bladder capacity increases  and DO improves after PTNS. This explanation  may be supported by the improvement in  bladder capacity (functional and cystometric) and  the disappearance of DO in patients who responded  to PTNS in our study. The main limitations of this study are the small  sample size and the short 3-month followup. In  addition, we did not repeat urodynamic tests at  the second followup at 3 months to avoid patient  discomfort but depended only on the patient clinical  response. However, this information could be important for assessing the cause of the deterioration in PTNS efficacy after treatment was  stopped. CONCLUSIONS PTNS appears to be a viable treatment option in  some patients with refractory primary MNE. However,  deterioration in the response rate with time  raises important questions about the long-term  efficacy of this therapy and the need for further  maintenance sessions. More studies are needed to  support our findings and select patients who  would be good candidates for this therapy.

Identifying The Role And Importance Of Hybrid Managers Business Essay

Identifying The Role And Importance Of Hybrid Managers Business Essay This paper is aimed at identifying the role and importance of hybrid managers in the present economic conditions of the 21st century. It tries to explain how the hybrid managers help the industries to flourish and subsequently the present economic scenario. A step by step analysis of definition of hybrid managers, its characteristics, their advantages, disadvantages has been made. As, the term management is a wider concept, first the role of a hybrid manager in an organisation and his importance is to be understood. Then, In order to explain the importance of hybrid managers in the present economic scenario, we need to understand the global economy of the 21st century. So a detailed account of present global scenario has been made. Finally the structure mentioned above has been used to form the foundation of the arguments presented in the last section of the paper- How Hybrid Managers hold the key to development in the 21st century Global Economy. Definition of a Hybrid manager: The term hybrid was originally coined by Peter Keen in the mid 1980s, but received its most precise and most quoted definition by Michael Earl: A person with strong technical skills and adequate business knowledge or vice versa . Hybrids are people with technical skills able to work in user areas doing a line job, but adept at developing and implementing IT application ideas In addition, roles such as leaders and impresarios were also defined. However, these distinctions are seldom recognized by practicing managers. From the above definition it is pretty clear that although the term HYBRID is being used only for the last 2 decades, managers with such skills always existed. So, it is the need for an increase in the quantity of such managers that has increased in the 21st century. So a more popular term hybrid manager has been coined. The need for the increase in the quantity of hybrid managers sums up the whole economic scenario of this era. The Quality of the managers has been there before but the present global economy needs more of such hybrid managers. Characteristics of hybrid managers: From the definition of a hybrid manager, it is understood that he should be sound technically and well versed with business needs of the organisation specifically he works for. The latter is the most important aspect to ensure success. We will discuss about organisation specific knowledge in detail. Organizational specific knowledge: The most important skill of a hybrid manager is How to get the things done as per the requirements? The time taken by the hybrid manager with an organization to develop this particular skill makes essential importance for the hybrid managers. A good hybrid manager exploits the networking skills to build the personal or social network over a period of time. This gives them a simple tool to get the works done easily with multiple sources of information. Since every organization will have good communication media either by internet or by intra-net, hybrid managers can utilize this communication media efficiently to get the exact required information on the requirements at the time of need. However it all depends on the level of expertise a hybrid manager has within the organization. For example it takes time for a navy-hybrid manager to get the contacts with the senior management and generate the repo with them. But a senior hybrid manager can get the exact required information within t he time limits. General management skills: The characteristics that are often searched for in a manager include soft interpersonal skills. They are Motivation Communication Negotiation Team building The true ability of a hybrid manager lies with their ability to exchange jobs with their peers in other functions. For example in a software organisation, a manager for HR services should be able to act as a chief information officer (CIO) Hybrid managers should also have a good social skill and extroversion to manage people. A more detailed explanation of various possible roles played by hybrid manager will be discussed in the section Role of a hybrid manager in an organisation. Need for a hybrid manager: Some of the issues that are being faced by IT industry are highlighted by a survey conducted by popular IT press. The major issued faced by IT companies are as follows Only 11% of organisations are successful with IT according to any objective measure (A.T.Kearney) 30% of systems projects fail to meet user needs (KPMG) Over 40% of systems projects are not completed within time or to budget (Butler Cox) Only 27% of CEOs in the UK are satisfied that their IT department can deliver them the business advantage they need in the 1990s (Amdahl) http://www.skyrme.com/insights/6hybrid.htm Also as per 1985 opinion survey of MIS managers, the key issues faced by organizations are as follows Alignment of IS to business needs Strategic Benefits of IT not understood by business managers Need to improve IS-line relationships Identification of competitive edge applications The opinion survey of the managers implies that most of the managers at that time do not understand the importance of aligning IS to business needs. This shows the need for a close partnership between IT and business. This is where a hybrid manager comes into play. He is the one who can deal with both IT and business aspects of an organisation. He will have the capability to align IT with business. http://www.skyrme.com/insights/6hybrid.htm Role of a hybrid manager in an organisation: The greatest challenge faced by an IT industry is the perceived misalignment between technology and business requirement. The common perception is BUSINESS AND IT CANNOT COMMUNICATE and they speak different language. So, the role of a good hybrid manager is to act BILINGUAL. He should act as a bridge between the two worlds. Till recently, IT industry is seen as a back office work which can actually be outsourced. But with the changing times and global recession taking its toll on the companies, IT is being seen as a part of the industry. This has given rise, the requirement of managers who could also deal IT. But because it is always easier the other way round, i.e. IT managers with good business skills, a new concept of hybrid managers arose. Let us take an example of a successful hybrid manager, graham Johnson. Like many other students he took up electronics and got a highly paid job in chip design. In that job he started as electronic engineer and later went on to become self employed consultant, CIO and now transformation consultant for Ecclesiastical Insurance During his time with this firm, he worked on major projects with famous names like marks and Spencer, abbey national and baring securities. While undertaking these projects he seconded as IT manager reporting to the financing director. With that experience, he gained a lot of knowledge about business and finance issues. Also, when he became self-employed he worked on large projects for a string of other famous companies, such as Legal General Assurance, Nationwide Building Society and the London Stock Exchange. With this experience of self employed consultant he got to work with lot of clients and dealt with them successfully. He gained a lot of experience of working with people. Now with that experience of dealing with the clients and the technical experience he already possessed, he is working as a transformation consultant. I think theres a real shortage of classic hybrid managers who can manage the technical gurus but also have a coherent business conversation with the chief executive, Johnson says. Lots of people are logical and lots of people have human empathy, but there dont seem to be too many who have a bit of both. This could mean there are wider career opportunities for those who do develop both left and right brain sides. The above example portrays the role of a hybrid manager in an organisation. So the most important and primary responsibility of a hybrid manager is to have a clear understanding of the business issues such as the requirements of the clients, market value for the products etc in addition to the core technical knowledge he possess. Senior level hybrid managers can make the most important impact for organizations decisions in various areas of business decisions of organization. The research work conducted on various projects identified some of the following particular contributions that hybrids make: 1) Initiate the awareness on potential capabilities of IT for a organizational business 2) Business needs of IT must be identified 3) Anticipate in finding the new possible applications of IT 4) Assess the pros and cons of new technological advancements 5 ) Give appropriate strength to the benefits of IT to line managers of organization. 6) Making broad awareness programs to ensure information system managers learning about business issues and opportunities 7) Information system functions responses of emerging and changing business needs can be provided to the organization. Before going to discuss about the role of a hybrid manager in the 21st century economy, we will discuss the pros and cons of having a hybrid managers. Advantages of hybrid manager: The effective leadership qualities of hybrid managers can create islands of real business and information system understanding. These islands are proving to be the accelerators for an organizational hybridization. Every stage of organizational hybridization is gaining flexibility and effectiveness with the help of hybrid managers. Disadvantages of hybrid manager: Even though there are many advantages of hybrid managers throughout organizational hybridization, it takes high amount effective resources of organization which may not be available for every organization throughout the hybridization process. Developmental stages of hybridization of organizations may vary with the governance that is being followed within the organization. Business consistent information system, Information oriented expletive business are the two different disparate disciplines. However integration of business consistent information system with the information oriented expletive business is the major huddle for hybrid managers. Even though there is no communication, which can make the amalgamation of two separate disparate disciplines with the same degree of effectiveness, it is very difficult to take out a simple and single stand out which bring a hybrid manager out of the two disciplines. Now let us discuss about the state of 21st century global economy. 21st century global economy: 21st century refers to the start of a new millennium from 1st January 2001. Global economy generally refers to Economy, which is based on economies of all the countries in the world. It can be evaluated in various ways. The evaluation is done based on US dollar. Economy can be indicated by various factors. They are GWP(gross world product) Inflation Global dept Unemployment Industries Energy All the factors referred above are the indicators of global economy. From the fall of 21st century, till the early part, the global economy was led by US. The new century has seen 10 years so far. The global economy can be divided in the following way in its first 10 years. 2001-2006: USA led the expansion of the global economy. Post Second World War, the economy of the world was more or less driven by the United States, with its aggressive industrialisation coupled with increasing consumer spending capability. 2007: china leads the expansion of global economy. With the occurrence of subprime bubble, the US economy collapsed and went towards depression. It affected many markets worldwide. This marked the beginning of recession in major world economies. 2008: credit crisis began. In that year, even though many markets in the world expanded, the markets which has impact on the world economy contracted. This led to a crisis like situation in world economy. 2009: credit crisis deepens. In this year most of the economies contracted. UK was the biggest victim of the contraction followed by Russia. 2010: recovery. The international monetary fund forecasts recovery. But the recovery was not as good as expected. There were fears of double dip recession in many major economies of the world. So, in the early years of 21st century, the global economy was mostly dull and subtle. The vice president and chief economist of World Bank, justin yifu lin opines that The crisis has deeply impacted virtually every economy in the world, and although growth has returned, much progress in the fight against poverty has been lost. More difficult international conditions in the years to come will mean that developing countries will have to place even more emphasis on improving domestic economic conditions to achieve the kind of growth that can durably eradicate poverty. http://publications.worldbank.org/index.php?main_page=product_infoHYPERLINK http://publications.worldbank.org/index.php?main_page=product_infocPath=0products_id=23738HYPERLINK http://publications.worldbank.org/index.php?main_page=product_infocPath=0products_id=23738cPath=0HYPERLINK http://publications.worldbank.org/index.php?main_page=product_infocPath=0products_id=23738HYPERLINK http://publications.worldbank.org/index.php?main_page=product_infocPath=0products_id=23738products_id=23738 How Hybrid Managers still hold the key to development in the 21st century global economy: As discussed above, the state of global economy is dull at the latter half of the decade. According to the vice president of World Bank, the key to the recovery of the global economy is to improve the domestic economies. This can be achieved by aggressive entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship requires good management to succeed. This is where the hybrid managers come into play. There were many examples in the past where with the change in the management style, the firms have been successful. As said in the Harvard Business Review analyzed by  Alan M. Webber in January-February 1993 that: General Motors, buffeted by the turbulence of global competition, changes nearly its entire senior management team. IBM, made vulnerable by rapid technology shifts and the arrival of smaller, more nimble start-ups, begins the painful process of taking itself apart. Sears, humbled by fragmenting markets and cost-conscious competitors, strives to rediscover in a changed business environment its original retailing success. Across the corporate landscape, in every industry and at every level, managers are struggling to adapt to unfamiliar circumstances and new strains of competition. From the above statement, it is clear that the managers are finding it difficult to adopt themselves to the changes in the trend. This situation has arrived due to the fact that managers are well versed with only either economics of the business and do not have technical skills to understand the changes in the technology or only technology and do not have skills to compete with the changes in the marketing style. This is where hybrid managers like graham johnson (discussed in the section role of hybrid managers in an organisation) helps the organisation. He had developed both the skills required to manage an organisation. With the experience he obtained from running a consultancy during which he worked with many firms like Legal General Assurance, Nationwide Building Society and the London Stock Exchange, he understood how to attract clients, what they want and how to deal with them. Already, he has got a degree in electronics and worked on major projects with famous names like mark s and Spencer, abbey national and baring securities. So he has got a clear idea of how the technology is changing in his field. He had a clear understanding of the business needs and client requirements. So every industry needs a hybrid manager like graham Johnson. The hybrid managers should possess an organisational specific knowledge, i.e. both technical and economics. As said by justin yifu lin, global economy is driven by improving domestic markets. Domestic markets are driven by enterprises. Enterprises are driven by hybrid managers. So from the above concept it is clear that hybrid managers are important for the economy to flourish. As we know the current situation of fluctuating economic scenario, the person in charge should understand the new turbulent world of business. The manager being the person in charge should be able to answer the questions on new economic world order. So what is so new about the new world economic order? According to Alan .M .Webber, the analyst of Harvard business school, the answer is A qualitative shift is taking place in the ways companies compete, managers manage, and business is conducted. At one level, that shift has familiar elements-for example, from mass production, mass marketing, and mass organizations to flexible production, niche marketing, and networked organizations. But even shorthand descriptors such as these dont capture the power of the change and the enormous implications for managers. So the answer lies with the change in the mind set of the managers. In addition to be able to do programming, the managers should also concentrate on complex economics of the business. Present global economy needs high level of technical knowledge combined with essential information management skills to accelerate the business to achieve the pre determined goals within the specified time limits. The essential skill which makes managers to be called as hybrid managers must be identified and they must be trained with the time to get the best talent out of them. With a few notable exceptions, many of the organizations are preparing a strong ground work in developing hybrid managers for solving the challenges of real world management problem. Conclusion: Today, the worlds economic crisis can directly be attributed to worlds management crisis. In 1990 a British compute society (BCS) report UK, companies were exhorted to train circa 10,000 people to become hybrid managers by 1995. The British computer society understood the importance of hybrid managers and their role in building the British economy and subsequently the world economy. It is to be understood that UK is one of the main victims of global recession that shook the world in 2008-2009. If the foresight of BCS is met with, its economy wouldnt have suffered as it has happened now. Better late, than never. So in order to understand the fluctuating and versatile global economy versatility in management is required. . Nandan Nilekani, CEO and MD of Infosys Technologies, had said while speaking at the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore recently, that what the world required today was a new breed of Hybrid Manager- the versatilist. Nilekani further added: A versatilist has the ability to apply skills more intensively to situations. Hence, they gain new competencies, build new relationships, and assume new roles. One should be equally at ease with technical issues as with business and strategic. You have to synthesize knowledge, experience and the context to create value.

Paul Reveres Ride Essay -- essays papers

Paul Reveres Ride Paul Revere's Ride is a collection of historical accounts centering around Paul Revere's midnight ride to warn the countryside of the battles that occurred. The novel is made up of narrative accounts that tell the whole story of the midnight ride. David Hackett Fischer goes to great lengths to cover every possible angle in telling the story. "Fischer illuminates the figure of Paul Revere, a man far more complex than a simple artisan and messenger"(3). By adding different perspectives he allows the reader to see not only the American idealistic point of view, but we get a chance to hear British accounts of these particular events. In this way Hackett Fischer paints an accurate and unbiased picture not only of Paul Revere and his ride, but also of many other supporting historical figures that were important in making these events happen. Paul Revere's Ride also does an outstanding job of giving the reader a more in-depth perspective about these events by providing a number of first hand accounts from various sources. This technique personalizes the events to the reader and allows him or her to feel more connected to the people in the novel. One such account takes place when Hackett Fischer describes the "Ipswich Fright". "All the horses and vehicles in the town were put in requisition: men, women, and children hurried as for life toward the north. Large numbers crossed the Merrimack, and spent the night in deserted houses of Salisbury, whose inhabitants, stricken by the strange terror, had fled into New Hampshire â€Å"(171). Instead of merely saying that people were in a panic, this accounts adds strength to his assertions. With this detail, the reader can actually make a visual picture the type of panic that took place. Hackett Fischer's in depth descriptions of the typical attire of the participants in these events was also very helpful in allowing the reader to feel more connected with what really happened. Hackett Fischer describes the uniforms of many of the various ranks of British soldiers. Specifically, he describes the British Regulars in great detail. "The most distinctive part of the uniform was the heavy red coat. For grenadiers and line companies this was a garment with long tails that descended nearly to the knee. The light infantry wore short jackets that ended at the hip, and were much prefer... ... He was renowned for his silversmithing, which was his most successful occupation. "He had a brilliant eye for form, a genious for invention, and a restless energy that expressed itself in the animation of his work. Two centuries later, his pieces are cherished equally for the touchmark of their maker and the vitality of his art"(15). By giving some insight into Paul Revere the man, rather than Paul Revere the legend, Fischer gives strength to his historical assertions. In conclusion, David Hackett Fischer effectively tells the story of Paul Revere's ride in a way that completely and accurately depicts the events. By developing many of the historical figures that are not as well known as Paul Revere, Hackett Fischer gives the reader a more distinctive understanding of these particular historical events. Paul Revere's Ride also personalizes these events by providing numerous first hand accounts that strengthen the imagery. As a whole, the novel is an effective and interesting historical account that accurately tells the famed story of Paul Revere's midnight ride. Bibliography: Paul Revere's ride, David Hackett Fischer,Imprint New York : Oxford University Press, 1994.

Medieval versus Renaissance Eras :: Compare Contrast History Art Essays

Medieval and Renaissance Eras   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is amazing how significantly various aspects of society can and will change over a prolonged period of time. Between the time periods of the Medieval era and the Renaissance, one can note numerous significant changes, mainly those pertaining to art and religion. In general, ideals and subjects during the Renaissance became more secular. In Medieval times, people seemed to focus mainly on the church, God, and the afterlife; during the Renaissance, the focus was more secular: humans and life on earth. Although these two eras differ in many ways, the most concentrated differences deal with the realms of architecture, painting, and philosophy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Architecture noticeably shifted from religious awe to classical reason between the Medieval era and the Renaissance. During the Middle Ages, architecture was aimed mainly at making advancements in the church. Medieval cathedrals had very distinct features, such as pointed spires, which were exactly that -- spires, or steeples, that were pointed and extended upward from the tower area; the rose window, which was a large stained glass window that was located on the front of the tower; and squared-off exterior walls, which were a contrast to the usual rounded exterior designs that people were accustomed to. Overall, cathedrals during this time could have very elegant features due to the excellent techniques of support and stabilization. Buttresses, simple extensions of the cathedral wall to enhance support, and flying buttresses, stone structures set away from the cathedral wall and attached at the top, contributed to the excellent support that Medieval cathedrals experienced. While architectural advancements during the Middle Ages were concerned mainly with making elegant reformations in the structure of the cathedral, architecture during the Renaissance was much less religion- centered, and revolved more around classical reason and secularity. Architecture in this time was concentrated mostly with the design of castles, such as the home of the prevailing Italian Medici family, perhaps the richest family in Europe. Architectural focus had changed from the cathedral in the Medieval era to other, more classical and secular subjects, such as castles and homes of significant rulers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The style, subjects, and overall attitude of painting was something that underwent very significant changes during the progression from Medieval times to the Renaissance. Generally, paintings became more secular, and less focused on aspects of the church, as the Renaissance approached. Medieval paintings seem to be focused almost entirely on religion and are given heavenly attributes, while paintings of the Renaissance consist mainly of secular subjects and contain much more realism, especially noted in human subjects. In Giotto's Madonna With Child, a Medieval painting, any observer will obviously notice that the child and woman are very awkwardly proportioned, indicating the

The Safety Net Program Health And Social Care Essay

The Safety Net plan administered by the Child and Family Guidance Center is a school based intercession plan. A † Safety Net – Intervention Servicess for High Risk Youth † , was administered to 160 pupils, at Richardson West Junior High School, during the 2009 – 2010 school old ages. The pupils are referred for plan engagement by parents, instructors or other school forces for bar or early intercession of behavioural concerns that hinder school success. However, plan engagement is voluntary and even with parental permission ; pupil must exhibit willingness for plan engagement. Safety Net is a ten- hebdomad equal facilitated course of study based intercession theoretical account, administered during the school twenty-four hours. The Safety Net plan provides a full scope of bar and early intercession services including preventative instruction, reding and accomplishments preparation. The Ohio – Young person Problem, Functioning, and Satisfaction Scales, is the assessment instrument administered to plan participants for outcome step. The 48-question short reply signifier measures pupils perceived jobs, compared with pupils perceived operation, within the past 30 yearss. The assessment instrument, administered in the signifier of a pre and post-test study, administered prior to intercession and once more at the apogee of the ten-week Safety Net plan engagement. By comparing, the average norm of the 160 pupil participants pre and post- trial tonss, measuring for capable group norm of each, measuring for statistical difference, after plan completion to find the effectivity of the Safety Net plan for this capable group.Evaluation of the effectivity of the Safety Net planAn scrutiny of current literature on school based intercession is expected to turn out that school based intercession is an effectual method for handling kids. Coupled with an analysis of descri ptive statistical informations from the Safety Net plan, for the intent of plan rating the Safety Net plan will turn out to be an effectual intercession method, for the 160 kids -student engagement group. The determination to research the subject of the effectivity of school based intercession plans came as the consequence of a practicum experience as a Safety Net counsellor, while functioning as a alumnus pupil houseman for the Child and Family Guidance Center, in Dallas, TX, spring 2010. As a societal work professional and former particular instruction instructor, the wellbeing of kids and the plans and intercession methods used to handle them is personally relevant. Child welfare societal policy remains an evolving precursor, in America, which sustains the seasonableness of this organic structure of research. Many school-based intercession plans receive federal support therefore ; all taxpaying citizens are stakeholders in the wellbeing of today ‘s kids who are the kernel of social hereafter and hence, this research is comparative and informational to a wide audience. The Family and Child Guidance Centers Inc, assumed name Child and Family Guidance Centers is a non-profit corporation functioning households impacted by mental unwellness, kid maltreatment and disregard, bad behaviours, and substance maltreatment. The bureaus mission is, â€Å" To supply quality accessible mental wellness services to beef up kids, households, and communities. â€Å" Established in 1896, Child and Family Guidance Center has nurtured kids, strengthened households, and sceptered persons by supplying comprehensive solutions to life ‘s jobs through guidance, instruction, public consciousness, and community partnerships for over 113 old ages. The Safety Net Plan is one of many plans included under the parent organic structure of services that Child and Family Guidance Center provides. Others include Psychiatric & A ; Therapy Based Servicess for Adults, Children, and Families Program. This equips households with skills/resources to cut down chronic jobs including me ntal unwellness, household force, kid maltreatment, and homelessness through an array of household focused, mental wellness services.A Intensive Services for Children with Mental Illness ( Severe Emotional Disturbance ) Program provides intensive clinical services to kids with the disablement of serious mental unwellness to enable them to successfully work in their place and school environments and to efficaciously passage to maturity. Using a â€Å" wrap-around † attack, they provide community-based services to turn to behavioural wellness demands utilizing strength-based ends and the integrating of community services. Co-occurring Mental Health & A ; Substance Abuse Services Program provides prevention/intervention services to youth with behavioural issues that put them at hazard for substance abuse/addiction. Equally good as supplying intervention to persons diagnosed with co-occurring mental unwellness and substance maltreatment to cut down the negative effects of the dou ble diseases.A Parent & A ; Family Education – The Family and Community Education Program ( FACE ) serve households affected by kid maltreatment, divorce, or dysfunction.A It seeks to stabilise households by learning accomplishments to turn to jobs that stress household systems and put household members at risk.A ( Child and Family Guidance Center is the exclusive supplier of rearing instruction services to Child Protective Services for 19 county parts within the province of Texas. Finally, the Safety Net – Intervention Servicess for High Risk Youth, the school based intercession plan that serves as the beginning of this plan rating. Child and Family Guidance Center is a nationally acclaimed plan, renowned for its regard and indorsement by the Federal authorities, as proven by the continued successful acquisition of federal support and noteworthy usage of resources sanctioned with Federal indorsement. Child and Family Guidance Center has been a recognized spouse of the United- Way since 1924 ( Childandfamilies.info ) . Childs are a particular population, who possess a particular leaning for alteration hence, â€Å" it is easier to add strength than it is to deduct from failing † ( Openshaw, 2008, p. 91 ) . By placing these pupils and turn toing, bad behaviours, in in-between school, places these pupils at an advantage, as they are able to have the necessary support to go resilient and the tools necessary for school success. â€Å" Having observed that every individual has the ability to get the better of hardship if of import protective factors are present in that individual ‘s life † , it is inherit that at hazard pupils are identified and receive intervention in school based intercession plans such as Safety Net ( Krovetz, 1999 ) . Resilient kids have been found to possess four common properties: Social competency ( the ability to arouse positive responses from others, therefore set uping positive relationships with both grownups and equals ) . Problem- work outing accomplishments ( planning and resourcefulness in seeking aid from others ) Autonomy ( a sense of one ‘s ain individuality and an ability to move independently and exercise some control over one ‘s environment ) . A sense of intent and hereafter ( ends, educational aspirations, continuity, hopefulness, and a sense of a bright hereafter ) ( Benard, 1993, p. 44 ) . Students who participate in the Safety Net plan, must be willing participants, they must expose the ability to acquire along with the Safety Net counsellor every bit good as show the adulthood to map within a peer-facilitated group. A pupil who meets the lower limit demands for engagement in the Safety Net plan, already possess the inherit strength of resilience. â€Å" Never underestimate the power of resilience † ( Nims & A ; Hamm, 2006 ) . Although pupils must come to the Safety Net plan volitionally, they must hold parental/ guardian permission, which includes a parental pre and station -test. This serves a signifier of parental support, in that parents must detect and be able to describe out on their pupils ‘ behaviour ( Cooper, 2000 ) . As good, Safety Net counsellors are required to document a lower limit of 10 contacts, with each participant, instructors, guardian or other mental wellness professional. This pattern cultivates an automatic support system for each single pupil participant. With cognition of plan engagement, pupils become unwittingly accountable to multiple grownups, who are likely concerned with their overall wellbeing. This pattern every bit good cultivates caring adult relationships that pupils may trust on, at the decision of the Safety Net plan. One of the first assignments given at the induction of the ten-week plan term is the choice of a â€Å" Safe Adult † by each pupil and both parties must subscribe a contractual understanding of answerability and support. The pupil is told to choose an grownup that they may reach in the event of crisis, need for support or advice. This is a support system of the pupils ain induction, this pattern cultivates job work outing accomplishments, liberty and a sense of intent ( Hallfors, 2006 ) . The above pattern of the Safety Net plan in cultivating, every pupil ‘s leaning for resilience besides, establishes the protective factors that are through empirical observation necessary for get the better ofing hardship ( Openshaw, p.92, 2008 ) . These factors documented as being necessary for get the better ofing hardship within the household, school and community. To the acclamation of the Safety Net Program, before of all time diging into the through empirical observation based course of study, every bit good predisposes, an environment conducive for resilience and wellness by: â€Å" Establish a lovingness environment † – at least one grownup who knows the kid good and cares deeply about the wellbeing of that kid. This plan affords each kid the liberty to place multiple lovingness grownups, at school, at place or in their community. This lovingness grownup is so in a place to expose in a non -threatening mode, â€Å" positive outlooks, high clearly articulated outlooks for each kid and the purposeful support necessary to run into those outlooks. Many pupils, by and large, would non place an grownup and petition, clear outlooks for behaviour. This plan affords each pupil â€Å" participation- meaningful engagement and duty ( Krovetz, 1999 ) . Professional values and beliefs sing service as a Safety Net Counselor include but are non limited to the followers: As a professional societal worker interning within a non- societal work specific place, one must trust on NASW ‘s Code of Ethics as a usher to ethical determination devising ( NASW, 2002, Standard I ) , sing ethical quandary in keeping societal work values in a non-social work scene. This codification of behavior is particularly of import when working in an intern function, contracted with an bureau that places your service assignment inside another entity, such as a school. First, one must see the bureaus policies, which may or may non aline with societal work values and so the additive of adhering to the schools policies and processs, which may non aline with the overall values of the societal work profession. In cases such as this, it is imperative for societal workers to adhere, every bit closely as possible to the specified guidelines of both of their employing organic structures and when in uncertainty or struggle should mention to and adhere to NASW ‘s Code of Ethi cs. Ethical quandary are possible and likely in all degrees of pattern, but particularly during the Practicum experience, as the societal work professional is likely charting new professional land. Therefore, it is imperative for pupil housemans in all scenes to be familiar with bureau policy every bit good as their ain professional moralss, which will normally steer their values. Sing the facets of diverseness, school scenes, are normally comprised of diverse populations. These diverse populations range from socio- economic position, race, colour and national beginning to linguistic communication distinction and age. Sing age, when practising within a school puting one must be prepared and adequately equipped to address pupils, parents, school personnel/ other professionals and the community. A personal value in working with kids is the demand to get the hang and expose cultural competency and sensitiveness. This is an ethical authorization but as a former pedagogue and one with a deep affinity for the well- being of kids, it is imperative, to expose cultural competency and sensitiveness without unwittingly precipitating exclusion ( Fallick, 2008 ) . The Child and Family Guidance Center ‘s acceptance and execution of the â€Å" Safety Net – Intervention Servicess for High Risk Youth, † plan is likely motivated by the handiness of State and Federal support nevertheless the plan ‘s design is in maintaining with the bureaus overall mission, â€Å" To supply quality accessible mental wellness services to beef up kids, households, and communities. † Therefore, based on the bureaus stated mission, the bureau is likely passionate about the results of this peculiar plan. Intrinsically, the plans design is in maintaining with their mark audience, extrinsically the bureau receives wages for plan execution in the signifier of grant support. This combination of incentives creates a diverse, yet balanced motive for plan execution ( Fallick 2008 ) . The end of this plan rating is to find the effectivity of the Safety Net plan. The coveted result is to turn out that school based intercession plans such as Safety Net is an effectual method for the intervention of behavioural and mental wellness concerns in kids. Make such plans, specifically the Safety Net Program, run into their stated aims of drop- out bar, character edifice, resilience and life-skill development for at-risk young person? It is one ‘s outlook that the execution of intercession in the signifier of course of study based, peer- facilitated groups will hold a permanent consequence on participants overall school success. This plans disposal occurs within the general instruction scene, and while plan participants exhibit behavioural concerns that preclude their engagement in more mainstream activities, engagement in the Safety Net plan is a preventive and early intercession scheme. By using evidence-based pattern, in the signifier of student-centered course of s tudy, cultivating resilience and developing a support system of each single pupil ‘s pick, the societal worker/ Safety Net Counselor is able to use their ego, their professional cognition every bit good as the pupil ‘s equals in a positive manner to consequence alteration. The ends and mark results set Forth by Safety Net plan Changes that will advance the coveted result of pupils ‘ success in school, including: Dropout bar, precluded by inordinate absence and other signifiers of behavioural jobs, necessitated by lacking societal accomplishments and other internally regulated tools, such as self-efficacy and motive Character edifice, in the signifier of self-esteem, self-awareness, judgement and communicating Resiliency-the development of a support system of pupil ‘s pick and designation of cognitive behavioural tools to get the better of jobs with household and equals Life – accomplishments development, in the signifier, of end development, drug and intoxicant consciousness and bar Celebrated school Social Work expert ascertains that, â€Å" one possible solution to the dropout job is for societal workers to work closely with in-between schools to assist place those pupils who appear to be at hazard when they enter high school. These pupils may be in particular instruction or in alternate plans, may hold failed categories, or received reding from the school counsellor to assist them get by with school- related jobs † ( Openshaw, 2008, p. 122 ) . This is exactly the standard norm for designation as a campaigner for the Safety Net plan, as administered at Richardson West Junior High School. Parents, instructors, counsellors and other school forces, place Safety Net plan participants, by placing pupils with inordinate absence, which is frequently an index of a household in demand of support, or a pupil who may be deliberately losing school or one whom is deliberately absent from certain categories during the school twenty-four hours. Students who receive in ordinate office referral or subject for behavioural misdemeanor, inordinate disciplinary action in the signifier of in- school and alternate arrangement based suspension. Equally good as the designation of pupils, who have had a demand to talk with school counsellors for aid in get bying with school-related jobs. Children are a really resilient client population, with bar and early intercession ; Safety Net counsellors are postured with the aid of single pupil ‘s immediate stakeholders to place at-risk pupils and illicit positive alteration, by implementing the course of study by design. With the necessary constituents in topographic point as afforded by the Project Success course of study, successful completion of the ten- hebdomad course of study based group Sessionss, an outlook for pupil betterment towards the targeted behaviours is high. By placing at-risk pupils, the Safety Net counsellor is able to â€Å" forestall jobs before they occur † . The plans, course of study is structured so that the pupil with the aid, of the Safety Net counsellor receives the confidence of caring grownups, designation of issues before they escalate and the constitution of a peer support group ( Openshaw, 2008, p. 123 ) . Apparent end distinction between, the bureau, the school and the community does non be. Social scientific discipline research ascertains that schools are the primary suppliers of mental wellness services for kids. As opposed to primary attention doctors and other mental wellness professionals who chiefly serve as the mental wellness interventionalist for grownups. Research ascertains school based intercession feasibleness based on the fact that kids are required to go to school ( Hoagwood, Holly, Erwin, 1997 ) . In kids mental, emotional and behavioural wellness troubles are most frequently foremost noted within the school scene and therefore should logically be addressed within the school scene, as the first line of intercession and furthermore prevented if and when possible ( Bums et al. , 1995 ) . The value of supplying mental wellness services in schools was first recognized in this state in 1898 in Chicago, IL, in response to a pupil study on physical and mental wellness. Based on the study ‘s findings, the Chicago school board authorized the first theoretica l account of school-based intercession programming for childhood mental wellness ( Gallic 1990 ) . The Safety Net plan, administered by the Child and Family Guidance Center is one such school based intercession plan. The Safety Net program- Intervention Services for High Risk Youth is a drop- out bar, character edifice, resilience and life -skill development plan for at-risk youth.A It is an in-school partnership plan to assist at-risk young person addition positive decision-making accomplishments and diminish bad behaviours. The plan provides a full scope of prevention/early intercession services including preventative behavioural tools accomplishments instruction, guidance, and accomplishments preparation. The plan utilizes the Undertaking SUCCESS ( Schools Using Coordinated Community Efforts to Strengthen Students ) Curriculum, a research-based intercession theoretical account plan recommended by the Federal Government ‘s Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration ( SAMHSA ) ( CFGC, 2010 ) . The course of studies design seeks to cut down bad behaviours and better resilience factors in at-risk young person. An scrutiny of current literature on school based intercession is expected to turn out that school based intercession is an effectual method for handling kids. These research findings paired with an analysis of statistical informations obtained via the Ohio- trial, from recent Safety Net plan participants, for the intent of plan rating will probably turn out the Safety Net plan as an effectual theoretical account of school based intercession method. Research conducted on school based intercession, ascertains that the survey of inventions and alteration in school systems is non new. What is advanced is a strict outcome rating of a household of school – based intercessions that targets the same job behaviour among a school age population. ( Hallfors, etl. , 2006 ) . An integrating of bing research coupled with the well-founded informations obtained as a contemplation of this plans unity in comparing with the national acclamation that the capable affair herein has received will turn out this integrative paper to be both timely and relevant to current societal policy sing the hereafter of young person. This mounting organic structure of research on school based intercession and bar continues to germinate and cultivate prevalence. Prevalence, in big due to its presentation in a big federal grant and National run from a pool of bureaus including ; ( Department of Education, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, and the Center for Mental Health Services ) as portion of a Safe Schools/ Healthy Students federal enterprise ( Hallfors, etl. , 2006 ) . Undertaking Success, ( Schools Using Coordinated Community Efforts to Strengthen Students ) was originally designed to forestall and cut down substance usage and maltreatment among high hazard, multi-problem striplings in alternate high school scenes. It was based on the Residential Student Assistance Program ( RSAP ) theoretical account used in residential stripling intervention installations, and adapted from the Westchester Student Assistance Program ( WSAP ) . The Student Assistance Program ( SAP ) theoretical account is similar to that of Employee Assistance Programs ( EAPs ) used to assist employees with substance usage or mental wellness concerns ( Shamblin, 2009 ) found six published studies that suggested that SAPs possibly effectual in cut downing substance usage and bettering academic public presentation for some striplings ; nevertheless, they reported that the surveies suffered from important methodological jobs. The Safety Net plan is chiefly based in the Systems theory of intervention, in that it assist pupils in the rating of their environment, in order to assist them thrive. It approaches all of the constituents that comprise a pupil ‘s life, place, school, equals, community and ego. There are a few definitions of systems, that comprise the theory as a whole ; Multiple definitions: A group of interacting, interrelated, or interdependent parts organizing a complex whole A constellation of parts joined together by a web of relationships The parts form a whole, which is greater than the amount of its parts For the intent of the research survey, most pupils fall into the class of organic systems, defined as: Dynamical patterns – parts accommodating to each other and to their environment as a whole Partss are massively entangled, interdependent Partss self-organize, learn, co-evolve organically Equilibrium in flux – sensitive to initial conditions System non replicable, ca n't reiterate past Emergent alteration – manage conditions of organic development and experimentation Unknown terra incognitas – test and mistake ( Pawlick, 2004 ) . The plan marks in-between school kids ; larning to accommodate and boom in their environment is a life accomplishment that is movable throughout the class of life. Giving pupils the tools to understand that their actions affect those around them, and that the actions of others affect them, is a critical constituent of the accomplishment set development that Safety Net seeks to administrate.The Safety Net plan, harmonizing to The Project Success, Curriculum Implementation Manuel ( p.21 ) is based on a organic structure of research known as the Prevention Education Series, a Safety Net Counselor conducts this educational series, it is comprised of little, structured, leader-directed, equal facilitated, treatment groups. The Series combines both didactic and experimental attacks to accomplish its ends. The Safety Net program- Intervention Services for High Risk Youth is a drop- out bar, character edifice, resilience and life -skill development plan for at-risk youth.A It is an in-school partnership plan to assist at-risk young person addition positive decision-making accomplishments and diminish bad behaviours. The plan provides a full scope of prevention/early intercession services including preventative behavioural tools accomplishments instruction, guidance, and accomplishments developing. By carry oning one-hour hebdomadal groups, for 10 hebdomads, the intercession is set into gesture. During the 10 hebdomads, the course of study outlines the undermentioned lessons, as a recommended format:a?â„ ¢Topic 1 Bing an Adolescent a?â„ ¢ Topic 2 Alcohol Tobacco, and other drugs a?â„ ¢ Topic 3 Family Pressures and Problems a?â„ ¢ Topic 4 Skills for Coping a?â„ ¢ Topic 5 Communication a?â„ ¢ Topic 6 Problem Recognition and Resolution a?â„ ¢ Topic 7 Stress direction and self-exploration a?â„ ¢Topic 8 Self esteem issues a?â„ ¢Topic 9 Anger direction a?â„ ¢Topic 10 Peer Pressure and Closing At the stopping point of the ten-week procedure, the pupils, receive the Ohio appraisal once more, as a posttest and an result step for finding if pupils developed an apprehension of the lesson, and the ability to implement the accomplishments. Harmonizing the Undertaking Success Manuel the expected results of the Safety Net plan are as follows: dropout bar, precluded by inordinate absence and other signifiers of behavioural jobs, necessitated by lacking societal accomplishments and other internally regulated tools, such as self-efficacy and motive. Through the lessons outlined in the course of study usher, the outlook is that pupils will have the necessary header and societal accomplishments for school success and high school bar. The following targeted result is character edifice, in the signifier of self-esteem, self-awareness, judgement and communicating. The coveted result that follows character development is resilience, the development of a support system of pupil ‘s pick and designation of cognitive behavioural tools to get the better of jobs with household and equals. The concluding desired result of the Safety Net Program and Project Success course of study is life – accomplishments development, in th e signifier of end development, drug and intoxicant consciousness and bar. After plan referral, choice for the Safety Net plan, intercession method relies on the confidential showing signifier on which pupils personally identify behaviours, which place them in a bad class, of dropping out of school or other foreseeable behavioural, academic or legal jobs of a condemnable nature. This signifier assesses hazard, in order to place bad pupils. Once, pupils are deemed to be â€Å" high hazard † they are given a pre-test, they undergo 10 hebdomads of intercession, targeted behavioural alterations will be discussed in the organic structure of the paper. At the apogee of the ten- hebdomad intercession, pupils take a posttest ; these two trials receive scientific comparing as a agency of finding plan effectivity. As good, pupil ‘s parent or guardian takes a parental version of the same assessment tool ; parental informations will be included in the rating every bit good. Students who participate in the Safety Net plan, must be willing participants, they must expose the ability to acquire along with the Safety Net counsellor every bit good as show the adulthood to map within a peer-facilitated group. A pupil who meets the lower limit demands for engagement in the Safety Net plan, already possess the inherit strength of resilience. â€Å" Never underestimate the power of resilience † ( Nims & A ; Hamm, 2006 ) . The pupils, which the Safety Net plan accepts for engagement, must exhibit a desire for plan engagement. Safety Net counsellors are advised non force or promote engagement of any pupils, who does non exhibit a willingness to be a portion of the group therapy procedure. The appraisal setup herein described as the Ohio – The Ohio Mental Health Consumer Outcomes System, Youth Problem, and Functioning and, Satisfaction Scale is an appraisal administered in the signifier a pre and posttest study incorporating 48 inquiries given to- both parents and pupil participants. The instrument consist of 20 inquiries in respect to day-to-day operation, 8 inquiries sing relationships, emphasis and mental wellness intervention and eventually 20 inquiries sing mundane activity in relation to family and equal relatedness. Ethical considerations for working with kids, include the undermentioned Basic policy that affects pupils, take parting in plans such as this, IDEA- Persons with Disabilities Act, NCLB- No Child Left Behind, and educational best patterns of each in relation to the NASW Code of Ethical motives The completion of this plan rating, defined as a set of doctrines and methods that aim to find â€Å" what works † in human service bringing systems ( Grinnell, 2007 ) . The completion of this plan rating utilized the execution of quantitative informations analysis utilizing descriptive statistics and a mated samples t-test as the methodological analysis. By implementing, the one group pretest-post trial as the research design, for the aggregation, each pupil ‘s pre and station Ohio trial mark. The mated samples t-test was ran to find the groups Ohio assessment norm mark, in order to find if a statistically important difference was present after finishing the Safety Net plan. For the intent of finding if plan engagement, depicts an betterment in this sample groups behavioural operation, as stated in response to the Ohio trial questionnaire. The hypothesis, established for this research design, states that the Safety Net plan would turn out to be an effectual intervention method for the sample group, which if proven, could probably reiterate, in a broader survey of the plan ‘s effectivity. The sample consisted of secondary informations, in the signifier of a pre and post-test collected on 120 pupil participants, during the 2009-2010 school old ages. The Ohio appraisal setup contained 48 inquiries given to pupil participants, as a agency of measuring pupils job badness in comparing to pupil ‘s degree of working anterior to intercession and at the apogee of 10 hebdomads of intercession. The instrument consists of 20 inquiries sing day-to-day operation, 8 inquiries sing relationships, emphasis and mental wellness intervention and eventually 20 inquiries sing mundane activity in relation to school, place and equal relatedness. The statistics for the sample group are as follows: Pre- Trial Mean: 76 Standard Deviation 10 Post- Trial Mean:80 Standard Deviation: 8 T-stat: 3.9 The T- stat, finding of 3.9 is statistically important with a step degree.05, as the significance index. The information once and for all proves that the pupil ‘s degrees of perceptual experience sing working when compared with pupil perceived jobs, significantly increased after completion of the Safety Net Intervention plan. The consequences suggest that the pupils perceived working in relation to their jobs improved from 76 to 78. One defect in the researches design is that it does non see the Ohio tonss of the parents and instructors who may hold a more nonsubjective sentiment than the pupil is leting for a broader reading of result ( Grinnell, & A ; Unrau, 2007 ) . Harmonizing to Durant, procedure result based plan rating, are limit the plan rating by neglecting to react to subsequent unfavorable judgment, by turn toing pertinent constituents of holistic rating. ( Durant, 2001 ) . Conducting, an through empirical observation based research survey is a strong project, which requires cognition, accomplishment and ability. The research contained herein, is a direct contemplation of the research workers ability and skill degree. The research procedure contained herein depicts capable command ; with a greater apprehension of the research procedure. The research worker, has a good working cognition of the Social Work profession, and is certain that with on the occupation preparation, greater penetration and accomplishment development will happen. The Social Worker herein described as the research worker, has strengths in many countries of societal work pattern to include, assessment, intervention, theory and pattern. The research worker every bit good developed a better apprehension of the research procedure as it applies to plan rating. Some restrictions include, statistics, which are a critical portion of grounds based societal work pattern. The alumnus degree research pupil is most appreciative of categories centered on Human behaviour and the societal environment, theory, research and policy. Through the completion of these classs, one develops an apprehension of societal systems constructs. The apprehension of aims and proposed results with regard to the person, group, household, organisation, community, societal/cultural, and planetary degree systems. Equally good as, the apprehension of the demands of each degree of the systems, that comprises each pupil ‘s life and the ability to assist them understand every bit good. Further an apprehension of the happening and opposition of alteration and the application of theory to each. An apprehension of the deductions of human development across the life span for societal work pattern – expound on pupils relationships to self, parents, equals and the systems surroundingaˆÂ ¦ including school, community, other service suppliers, etc. Basic societal work policy that affects pupils, take parting in plans such as Safety Net include, IDEA- Persons with Disabilities Education Act, NCLB – No Child Left Behind and educational best patterns in relation to the NASW Code of Ethics. As a professional Social Worker the desire for continued development of accomplishments in the countries of plan analysis and rating are imperative. As one, holding set abouting a Renaissance man attack to acquisition, with a primary focal point on reding intercession methods, accomplishment development in the country of research and plan rating and the ability to interpret this information in a professional mode, to plan stakeholders and the general populace, is an country for future concentration. As a societal -worker, the ability to execute these undertakings good, will advance professional balance every bit good every bit service as a guiding force for the continuation of supplying grounds based pattern.MentionsBenard, B. ( 1993 ) . Fostering resilience in childs. Educational Leadership, 51 ( 3 ) , 44. Rotters, B.J. , Costello, E.J. , Agnold, A. , Tweed, D. , Farmer, E. M, Z. , & A ; Erkanli, A. ( 1995 ) . Children ‘s mental wellness service usage across service sectors. Health Affairs, 14, 147 Child and Family Guidance Center ( 2010 ) . Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //childrenandfamilies.info/index.php? option=com_content & A ; task=view & A ; id=29 & A ; Itemid=83 Cooper, W.O. , Lutenbaucher, M. , & A ; faccia, k. ( 2000 ) . Components of effectual yoth force bar plans for 7-to- 14- twelvemonth olds. Archivess of Pediatric and Adolescent medical specialty, 154. Durant, R.h. , Barkin, S. , & A ; Crowchuk, D.P. ( 2001 ) . Evaluation of a peaceable struggle declaration and force bar course of study for sixth- class pupils. Journal of Adolescent Helath, 19,111-117. Gallic, J. L. ( 1990 ) . History of school psychological science. In T.B. Gutkin & A ; C.R. Reynolds ( Eds. ) , The enchiridion of school psychological science ( 2nd erectile dysfunction, ; pp. 3-20 ) . New York ; John Wiley. Grinnell, Richard, & A ; Unrau, Yvonne. ( 2007 ) . Social work research and rating. Oxford University Press, USA. Fallick, A. , Morehouse, E. , Pierce, B. ( 2008 ) . Undertaking Success Schools Using Coordinated Community Efforts To Strengthen Students. Implementation Manuel, Tarrytown: New york Hallfors, D. , Cho, H. , Sanchez, V. , Khatapoush, S. , Kim, H. M. , & A ; Bauer, D. ( 2006 ) . Efficacy V effectiveness test consequences of an indicated â€Å" theoretical account † substance maltreatment plan: Deductions for public wellness. American Journal of Public Health, 96, 2254-2259. Hoagwood, K. , & A ; Erwin, H. ( 1997 ) . Effectiveness of School-Based Mental Health Services for Children: A 10-Year Research Review. Journal of Child & A ; Family Studies, 6 ( 4 ) , 435-451. Retrieved from Education Research Complete database.v Krovetz, M.L. ( 1999 ) . Fostering resilience. Thrust for Educational Leadership, 28 ( 5 ) , 4. National Association of Social Workers ( NASW ) . ( 2002 ) . NASW criterions for school societal services. Wahing, DC: Writer. Nims, D.R. & A ; Hamm, M. ( 2006 July ) . Phoenix preferred attention: Mental wellness services to kids and striplings in rural Kentucky. Paper presented at the 31st National Institute on Social Work and Human Services in Rural Areas, Bowling Green, KY. Openshaw, Linda. ( 2007 ) . Social work in schools. The Guilford Press. Pawlak, E.J. , & A ; Vinter, R.d. ( 2004 ) . Planing and be aftering plans for non-profit-making and authorities organisations. San Francisco: Wiley. Shamblen, S. R. , & A ; Derzon, J. ( 2009 ) . A preliminary survey of the population-adjusted effectivity of substance maltreatment bar scheduling: Towards doing IOM plan types comparable. Journal of Primary Prevention, 30, 89-107.