The Coors

The US brewing industry is mainly dominated by six main key competitors towards a small number of local competitors. As a reality of the industry, the main costs are the commodity, production costs (brewing&packaging) which oriented major brewers to backward integration in order to become cost-efficient. Cheaper distribution strategies may create real competitive advantage in brewing industry. The competitive rivalry is broken up into three main segments, National, Regional, and Microbrewers. National competitors have wide market coverage and generally a large company. Regional competitors are smaller than National in the fact that they only distribute in certain regions. Microbrewers are the smallest of the three because their size and capacity limit them to only distribute to small geographic areas. Due to the strong rivalry among existing competitors, new entrants to the industry face many difficult barriers to entry by the existing bigger brewers. Large capital requirements and the need to establish a very strong distribution network are the main barriers. Many laws and regulations may also inhibit a new entrant from coming into the market. In addition to this, the threat of substitute products is moderate in the industry. On the other hand, the demand has grown generally only at less than one percent over the four decades, except the period from 1960 to 1980 which is characterized by the higher consumption of younger drinkers and efficient marketing strategies driven by key market players mainly focusing on pricing and differentiation. Coors in the Brewing Industry The core competencies of Coors brewing company were the production quality focusing on most qualified inputs and better production processes and the brand positionning emphasizing the image of quality. Coors products differentiation was coming from both in the materials that went into the beer and in the process they followed to brew it. The extra costs of better production processes are controlled by single product focus, running the fastest packaging lines as a result of vertical integration and benefiting from economies of scale through the country’s largest brewery. By creating a perception of a natural, high quality product Coors was able set high relative price while maintaining a high volume of sales. Coors responded to the need to fill excess capacity by national rollout. But the lack of efficient distribution channel and multiple production sites were the main significant disadvantages of the company. The company overcame this obstacle by establishing distribution centres in outlying markets and working with weaker distributors willing to sell only Coors. Opposing to its past strategies, Coors focused on weaker distributors and spent more to manage the relationships. The company had begun to focus more on advertising and marketing. The expansion strategy was supported by strong brand image campaigns focusing on product quality strengthened the brand ever than before towards competitors. Due to increasing competition, they also began to launch different segments of beers. The agreements made by Molson of Canada and Kaltenberg Castle of West Germany may be treated as the positioning strategies in international marketplace. Coors’s plan for multisite expansion included a new facility in Virginia, to supply the eastern states in order to support future demand and absorb the increased shipping costs. Now the main question is that building a new facility would be profitable or not for Coors. The slow trend in sales growth from 1975 to 1985 might be taken as evidence that they would not need more than 25 million barrels in capacity in the near future. The costs savings from reduced shipping costs could be offset simply by scaling their existing facility. Building the new facility in Virginia might be against Coors’ product differentiation supported mainly by the pure ingredient â€Å"Rocky Mountain spring water† which in reality is the core competency for the company due to the location. Any facility built outside Colorado will not brew beer with the Rocky Mountain spring water. The past inefficient strategies should be investigated by the company. First of all, Coors could have continued to dominate the western region. Coors should have expanded the production capacity to support the consumption increase before the competitors moved production into territory. The possible solutions for competitors would be in this case, tolerate higher shipping costs for market entry or build a large, underutilized, production facility. So they had to accept Western market region belonged to Coors. Additionally, by growing dominance in their western territories, Coors would have built an even stronger position over their distribution channels. On the other side, in terms of marketing approach Coors should have focused on maintaining the Coors’ brand image in its core territory rather than reaching the niche market with limited penetration. The product strategy should also have been driven with a different approach. Rather than multiple product segments expansion, Coors should have only focused on rapidly growing light beer segment with their successful Coors Light product which would have reduce the cannibalization of super-premium products on Coors Banquet.

Better Teaching Through Provocation Essay

The quest for an effective pedagogy differentiates the teacher from the researcher. Within the humanities and social sciences, we are constantly confronted with the challenge of communicating complex material in a novel and effective manner. Active teaming is bolstered by an approach that emphasizes creative problem solving, and critical thinking. And active learning often begins with a question. Despite those techniques, philosophical inquiry can sometimes lead to esoteric, pedantic, or even banal approaches to teaching that leave the neophyte intellectually lost or detached from the learning process. As a discipline, philosophy itself is intrinsically provocative. In the spirit of Nietzsche’s infamously provocative style, the use of stimulating techniques in teaching introductory college courses can be immensely beneficial. Goals of Provocation The goals of provocative teaching are grounded in a conceptual framework of critical thinking as well as in an understanding and appreciation of the many psychological processes that influence mental life. The teacher’s strategy should be designed to provoke or pique students to think; that is, to analyze the grounds of their beliefs, which can be directly applied to their personal lives. Stirring questions and statements should challenge (and respectfully critique) the method and rationale by which students arrive at conclusions and reexamine the grounds for their beliefs and attitudes. Guiding Principles Guiding principles in formulating provocative teaching techniques as follows: 1. Orient the technique toward the entire class, not just one student. 2. Allow an appropriate pause time for class response.  3. Respond to all students’ responses. 4. Validate and confirm student attempts to respond or offer an explanation. 5. Use the discussion to launch into a formal presentation of the material or to augment existing didactic strategies. Classroom Examples Provocative techniques combined with systematic questioning may be applied arbitrarily to any topic. Through provocative systematic questioning, the student realizes that this type of reasoning is an informal fallacy based on an appeal to authority that became conditioned and serves as the grounds for his belief. It is better to focus questions toward the entire class, in a case like this, by focusing on one student, others join in to offer competing arguments or supportive rationale that are further examined by the class as a whole. That generally leads to an inclusive process rather than an exclusive centering on one student. Parenting and Corporal Punishment Students believed that corporal punishment was immoral. Most students believed it was morally acceptable, and some even made a case that it was immoral not to physically discipline children when they commit transgressions, because physical punishment teaches them morals. Provocative exercises may provide a personal utility for self-discovery that departs from the traditional procedures of pedantic pedagogy. Risk of Provocation When we examine controversial issues in class, we should be respectful of individual and cultural differences that may influence certain beliefs and practices, while we still maintain intellectual integrity. It should be a tacit assumption for students that acts of provocation are designed to bring rational and emotional constructs under the rubric of knowledge. No provocation should be executed merely for â€Å"shock value.† Because some students may feel intimidated by philosophical questions, the professor should try to be sensitive to the students’ cognitive acumen as well as their emotional development. Sometimes, students who are overly emotional, rigid, or vulnerable to a particular topic simply need to be reminded that the discussion at hand is only an object of intellectual investigation and certainly not a personal attack. Conclusion  We must find a method that suits our personalities and didactic styles. Instead of traditional lecturing, the combined use of provocative questions and statements that force the class to respond to a particular issue may have more impact and personal meaning than fort-formal approaches. Furthermore, the use of probing and systematic questioning gears students toward an introspective analysis of their personal beliefs, not only grounded in reason, but also linked to emotional and psychological motives that influence their perception of cause and effect. One will notice progress in their critical thinking skills over the length of the course. Rather than professing an impetuous position based upon unreflective conditioning, students offer more solid argumentation with developed rationale for their beliefs and attitudes.

Creative Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Creative Strategy - Essay Example The target audience in this advertisement is the customers who shop online. Managers have upgraded firms with the latest technology that makes their products available online. Using social sites like Facebook and twitter will have the attention of website browsers. The target audience is the youths in the society. They are up to date with the latest trends in the technological sector (Burrow p45). Communication brings understanding. It can assist in building a rapport between employees in the business. It could help increase the business production levels. Communication assists in building the customer relations and fosters relationship between the management and the employees. In the end, the team will be motivated. The advertisement should encourage the target audience on the importance of the product. Low prices are a motivating statement. The advertisement should give assurance to the target audience that prices will be low. Advertisements have to come with the advantages of purchasing the product. With the advantages in place, the target audience will have the supporting information that would convince

Singapore Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Singapore - Essay Example Singapore's main territory is a diamond-shaped island, although her territory includes surrounding smaller islands. Of Singapore's dozens of smaller islands, Jurong Island, Pulau Tekong, Pulau Ubin and Sentosa are the larger ones. Most of Singapore is no more than 15 meters above sea level. The highest point of Singapore is Bukit Timah, with a height of 164 m or 538 feet and made up of igneous rock, granite. Hills and valleys of sedimentary rock dominate the northwest, while the eastern region consists of sandy and flatter land (Geography and climate). Singapore does not have any natural lakes or rivers, however, reservoirs and water catchments areas were constructed to collect fresh water for Singapore's water supply. Singapore has reclaimed land with earth obtained from its own hills, the seabed, and neighboring countries. As a result, Singapore's land area has grown from 581.5 km in the 1960s to 697.1 km today, and may grow by another 100 km by 2030 (Geography and climate). Singapore has no noteworthy natural resources other than its deep-water harbor. Less than 5% of Singapore's land is used for agriculture; tropical fruits and vegetables are intensively cultivated and poultry and hogs are raised. There are no profitable natural resources in the country (Economy). Singapore was a trading center in the Srivijaya Empire before it was destroyed in the 14th cent. by the Majapahit empire. It later became part of Johore in the Malacca Sultanate. The thinly populated island was ceded (1819) to the British East India Company through the efforts of Sir T. Stamford Raffles; he founded the modern city of Singapore there that same year. In 1824, Singapore came under the complete control of the British and, although containing only a little fishing and trading village, quickly attracted Chinese and Malay merchants. The port grew quickly, soon overwhelming Penang and Malacca in importance. Then Singapore became part of the Straits Settlements in 1826 (The development of Singapore). Figure 2 Statue of Thomas Stamford Raffles by Thomas Woolner, erected at the spot where he first landed in Singapore (Singapore). The progress of Malaya under British rule in the late 19th and early 20th cent. made Singapore one of the most important ports of the world for the export of tin and rubber. The construction of a railroad through the Malay Peninsula to Bangkok swelled Singapore's trade, and the building of airports made it more than ever a communication center. A naval base at Sembawang, begun in 1924, was completed in 1938; the island, sometimes called the Malta of the East, was reinforced in the early days of World War II (The development of Singapore). After the speedy Japanese crusade in Malaya, however, Singapore was successfully attacked across the Johore Strait, and on Feb. 15, 1942, the British garrison surrendered; Singapore was reoccupied by the British in Sept. 1945. In 1946, Singapore, no longer a part of the Straits Settlements, was constituted a crown colony, with Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands. Following a decade of Communist terrorism, Singapore, separated from Chri stmas Island

Mass-spectrometer (another copy) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Mass-spectrometer (another copy) - Essay Example ion concentrations of shared elements for all the drugs as well as, once detected these chemical elements will be matched with a catalogue of chemical compounds; an illustration of this process is described in the report as well as an assessment on the limitations, design specifications, besides recommendations for enhanced dependability. Basically, a mass spectrometer performs three important roles (Figure 1). Initially, it bombards the molecules to be analyzed with a stream of high-energy electrons, transforming a number of the molecules to ions, which are then fast-tracked in an electric field by a sequence of polarized fast-tracking plates, a huge potential difference (p.d), oscillating from 1 to 10 kV (kilovolts), applied across these fast-tracking plates yields a beam of briskly roaming positive ions. Moreover, one or more focusing slits subject the ions into a uniform beam. What is more, majority of the sample molecules do not undergo ionization, nonetheless, are incessantly drawn off by vacuum pumps which are linked to the ionization chamber; whereas some of the molecules are changed to negative ions by the absorption of electrons. Consequently, the repeller plates engross these negatively charged ions. Besides, a number of the positively charged ions which are produced can possess a charge greater than one ( a loss of in excess of a single electron). These are fast-tracked in a similar way as the singly charged positive ions. Secondly, the fast-tracked ions are isolated consistent with their mass-to-charge ratios in an electric or magnetic field by a deflection that transpires through an applied magnetic field. Finally, the ions that have a specific mass-to-charge ratio are identified by a detector device which can tally the number of ions reaching it that have negotiated the static-curved radius of arc because of the applied magnetic field (Figure 2). Additionally, particles with mass-to-charge ratios which are both too large as well as too small hit

Social Networking Sites and Human Interactions Research Paper

Social Networking Sites and Human Interactions - Research Paper Example As such, young people can spend hours online without feeling bored or tired. This long time on the Internet is actually taken from the time that those young people may have spent with other people, experiencing social interaction. There are various scientists who realize that the time people spent online is ever increasing rapidly. In fact, most modern social studies concluded that "today, people spend more time using communication technology than they did twenty years ago" (Degord). Consequently, a heated debate has started to emerge about the possible negative effects of the Internet on the social interaction of young people. While some analysts undermine the effects that may be caused by the long time spent online, there are others who raise a serious warning about the deterioration of physical social interaction because of online activities. Despite the numerous benefits of the Internet, it can seriously hurt the physical communication process among young people, minimize social interaction, and push young people to live in isolation. The Internet has revolutionized people's lives in many positive ways. For young people, the Internet is an open window on the world, where they can do a variety of activities from the comfort of their own homes. Reading books and newspapers, searching for information about any topic, and involving in important discussions on billboards and newsgroups are some of the important activities young people can do online. Professor Thomas B. Riley, from the School of Law, University of Glasgow, argues that "the Internet is a revolutionary medium that has afforded the opportunity for millions of people to open themselves to a rich panoply of information and services" (Riley). In that sense, the Internet has become an important source of information for people. It enlightens navigators about any issue they research. If used adequately and insightfully, the Internet can widen the scope of knowledge for you people and prepare them for the ir future careers in life. In addition, online social networks, such as Facebook and Twitter, help people socialize online, meet new people, and re-unite with their old friends. Actually, Facebook and Twitter are examples of the most popular online social networks over the Internet. The popularity of both programs increase rapidly as thousands of users join both of them daily. Preceding Twitter, Facebook has a started as a network for the students of Harvard and turned to be one of the most famous online social networks. Moderators of Facebook seem to have much to do. The network is in fact the second most visited site in the world. It knows no borders and can help spread the best and the worst. In that sense, the Internet and social networking sites may play important roles in enriching people’s knowledge and facilitating the process of online socialization. However, the overuse of the Internet by young people minimizes physical social interaction and promotes isolation and loneliness. Young people who spend hours and hours chatting with other online users over the Internet are not actually enhancing their social experiences (Snook). That's because they do not physically interact with other people and involve themselves in real life situations; rather, all what they do is to sit alone in front of their computers, using their fingers to type what they want to

Amphibians of West Africa Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Amphibians of West Africa - Term Paper Example From this study it is clear that  climate change and specifically the rainfall shortage has led to decline in biodiversity of population of different organisms, including the amphibians in different parts of the world including West Africa. Rainfall decrease or shortage leads may affect survival   and growth of the amphibians by altering the availability of food, or changing the preditor – prey relationships which may lead to decrease in amphibians population or extinction of a species that is poorly adapted to adverse environments.  During the high rainfall season, amphibians in the west Africa normally mate, with the decreasing rainfall season, the mating season of the amphibians may be altered or even lost if the rain is inadequate and this leads to poor reproduction, which in turn leads to decreased population and my eventually lead to extinction of some species of the amphibians in the region.This paper highlights that  the majority of amphibians in west Africa ar e typical forest specialists, however,some of them can tolerate disturbed forest situation. Only very few amphibians in this region have a preference for savannah and farm bush habitats. Rainfall pattern change, therefore changes the natural habitat of the amphibians in the West Africa and more specifically the majority which inhabit the forest. Destruction of the forest due to lack of rainfall will lead to the death of the amphibians and migration of them to a different location where the habitat can be found.

Ethical reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ethical reflection - Essay Example For example, the case of physician-assisted suicide must be understood. Religious beliefs may go against this, but people must understand that sometimes it becomes crucial for the physicians to make the patient die with dignity and peace rather than leave him die in distress. People confuse negative rights with positive ones, as we see that the patient’s family insists upon occupying the waiting room on religious grounds. On the other hand, the importance of spiritual, religious and cultural beliefs can also not be denied, since these beliefs form the basis of a national or cultural identity which cannot be compromised upon. Hence, a middle path must be sorted out that satisfies both the medical considerations of the case and the spiritual/religious/cultural beliefs linked to it, just like Buryska (120) states, â€Å"The ethical principles that must be balanced are respect for autonomy (the wishes of the patient) and beneficence (the physician’s judgment of what is bes t for the

Home Visit Activity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Home Visit Activity - Essay Example The mother is 25 years old named Jane. My friend recommended me to interview her for this task. In the planning process of this activity, I called a week in advance to see if she was willing to be interviewed. She agreed to the visit and we decided to carry out the activity on February 1 at 9 am. Although the time was set as per her consent I made a call before visiting her to make sure that the time is still suitable for her. The visit I visited Jane on the specified time. The visit started with a pleasant greeting to her and the baby. I went to wash my hands before holding the baby to give the impression of hygiene importance. To make the atmosphere friendly and light I introduced myself concisely and gave her a hand sanitizer as a gift for visitors. As per the phone conversation I expected a friendly but shy lady. However, Jane felt comfortable with me discussing her problems and circumstances. The purpose of the visit was to explore the facts which may be causing the baby girl to lose weight. The mother clearly stated that the baby was not gaining weight despite of her struggles and visits to different local doctors. The place where she lived was a small underdeveloped area with less educated and poor people surrounding it. She told about the frequent changes in medications in order to resolve this issue.

Personal statements Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Personal statements - Essay Example I have advanced proficiency levels in the use of basic computer programs which can assist in business applications like writing business correspondences and computing through spreadsheets. I am genuinely interested in pursuing higher education in business to harness my professional skills and keep me abreast on contemporary applications of management of global organizations. By applying in this institution’s business program, I am optimistic to gain a more comprehensive approach in managing business organizations through the development of leadership, entrepreneurial, interpersonal, negotiation, conflict-resolution, information technology, electronic business applications and research skills and abilities that are needed in business organizations in the future. As more organizations become global enterprises, I would like to improve my skills in becoming part of a global organization that could give me opportunities to experience other cultures and contribute to its growth and advancement.

The poems The Sick Rose, Ballad, To His Coy Mistress and A Woman to her Lover Essay Example for Free

The poems The Sick Rose, Ballad, To His Coy Mistress and A Woman to her Lover Essay The poems chosen all explore a different aspect of love through the use of poetic features, language and range of perspectives. Whilst Ballad was a female perspective, showing her physical relationship with a very devious man, To his Coy Mistress is from a male perspective, as he attempts, through a seductive yet rational argument, to win over his coy lady. A Woman to her Lover is also from a female perspective about a woman who demands equality. On the other hand, The Sick Rose shows an assault and destruction, telling of a secret love between man and women, possibly through rape or sexually transmitted diseases. Out of all the poems I read, the aspects of physical and spiritual relationships interest me the most because they provide diverse views towards love. Ballad which is a traditional song, of oral tradition, presents male courtship through the use of language, seasonal metaphors and through the story it tells. It is made up of quatrains, rhyming couplets and a refrain, the range of words which rhyme together emphasise the emotions and tone of the poem. Ballad is about a deceitful philanderer, who seeks a beautiful maid. The man gets the lady pregnant and, throughout the last few, we see how she wants to kill herself and the baby. The maid is the speaker of the story, which gives a female perspective, of the story and an insight into the consequences of courtship for the victim. The opening of the poem begins with the line A faithless shepherd courted me. The word faithless immediately tells us that the man is not committed. Furthermore it says, he stole away my liberty, the use of euphemism creating the impression that the man has stole her virginity and freedom. We later see that the liberty is her virginity and decorum. Therefore, this leaves the maid with no freedom, because in past times it was thought that a single mother was greatly detested and unlawful children were not respected. In addition the ending of stanza one reads: When my poor heart was strange to men, he came and smiled and stole it then. This illustrates a very naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve maiden, who seems very innocent. A calculated effect is gathered as he sees what shes like, and then he takes advantage of her. The repetition of the word and creates a very step by step calculation. In the second quatrain, the maid uses seasonal metaphors to show their happiness together; however, the second two lines of the quatrain, illustrates the shame of her pregnancy : When my apron would hang low, me he sought through frost and snow. : When it puckered up with shame, and I sought him, he never came. The opening line creates a picture that the maid is fine and slim, would hang low. The second line captures how he would only look after her when there was no responsibility. The use of a seasonal metaphor frost and snow shows the relationship between winter and sorrow. The third line gives the impression that she is pregnant; however, when she seeks him, hes not there. The maids pregnancy scare is euphemised by her apron puckering up. It also shows love can be shameful but also bring happiness. Stanza three brings back happiness as it says, When summer brought no fears to fright. She becomes joyful; again as she finds that her pregnancy was a scare and that she has no baby. The use of a seasonal metaphor clearly shows the relationship between joyfulness and the summer. It goes on to say how the man came to guard me every night. However, there is a major contrast when it says When winter nights did darkly prove, none came to guard me or to love. This shows how when shes pregnant, the man was not there. This gives the impression that he has run away. Referring back to the previous seasonal metaphor about summer, the winter is now associated with sorrow as the man has gone. The maid has been left alone in the cold, whilst pregnant. The seasonal imagery makes us feel more sorry for her. The beginning of the fourth quatrain, shows how the maid is feeling very regretful, I wish, I wish, but all in vain, I wish I was a maid again. The use of repetition shows a very apologetic maid who has lost her virginity and can never get it back. The end line of the stanza highlights that she wants to kill herself: O when will green grass cover me, this indicates that she wants to be buried under the green grass as she feels mortified. The following stanza reinforces her thoughts in stanza four, that she wants to die: I wish my sorrows all away my Soul with god, my body clay. This emphasises that she is very sad, and she wants to die, my body clay. We clearly see the promises the man made to the maid: He promised beds as fine as silk, and sheets for love as white as milk He promised her the world; however, he leaves her to want a bed of clay. This shows how she is left wanting a death bed, in contrast to the fine silk beds. The following stanza shows how the man is very uncaring towards her: He kept this sheep on yonder hill. His heart seemed soft but it was steel. this shows how he is weak soft on the inside; however, the use of antithesis, highlights how he promised a lot on the outside steel and also shows that he is very heartless. The maid highlights her regret about the relationship, O had I walked ere I did run. She implies that she should have walked slowly into the relationship, instead of rushing. Towards the end of the story, the poignant mood is reinforced: He has two hearts and I have none The contrast of having two hearts and none, illustrate how the man has taken her heart away from her. Furthermore, poignancy is shown through the use of diction, of sorrows in the time to come and Weeping on a strangers knee. The word, strangers knee implies that the father wont be there to care for them and the baby will be bought up by a stranger. The tenth stanza includes half-rhyme, brass-face, which emphasises the sorrow the lady is experiencing. The metaphor emphasises how she is feeling: My heart would break- but it is brass At the beginning of the poem the mans heart was steel; however, the maid now explains that the man has gone and she has hardened up inside, it is brass, and this implies that she is ready to kill herself as she is strong enough to do so. Furthermore, she says to see thee smile at words that be, the messengers of grief to me, which concludes that she decides to kill herself and the baby. In the final stanza there is a major contrast to the beginning as she says: Ive made thy pillow on a thorn Compared to the middle of the poem where it says Beds fine as silk, she know goes on to show how she is lying her head on thorns. The final two sentences illustrate that she is going to kill both her and her baby as the word our is repeated three times, possibly to reinforce her mind that both of them are going to die. Overall, the poem is a very universal one; to me the poem is about a betrayal in love. Though the poem includes physical relationship, the lady is disowned during her pregnancy and the results in a fatal ending of death. In contrast, To his Coy Mistress is about a speaker who attempts, through a seductive yet logical argument, to win over his coy lady. Whilst both poems To his Coy Mistress and Ballad highlight the underlying themes of love, time and death, in Ballad this is achieved through a series of seasonal metaphors, range of language and diction, whereas in To his Coy Mistress the use of rhyming couplets and a syllogistic argument help construct an argument for sex. At the start of the poem, the man tells the lady not to be shy: This coyness, lady, were no crime This shows how the man is trying to explain to the lady that, if they had more time in the world, it would be acceptable to be shy. He goes on to say that he imagines that they are separated by two rivers: Thou by the Indian Ganges side shouldst rubies find; I by the tide of Humber would complain.___________________________ The man goes on to express his feeling of having more eternity: My vegetable love should grow Vaster than empires and more slow. The use of erectile images clearly gives the picture that he has a growing love for the lady, and she is a natural vegetable waiting to be picked. On the other hand, this could also mean he is waiting to have sexual intercourse, as the lady has yet not picked his genitals, yet they are growing with love. The man also uses a persuasive technique to persuade the woman: Two hundred to adore each breast, the used of hyperbole two hundred, makes the lady feel even more beautiful and more confident of herself. Furthermore, he goes on to say how he has another side to him: And the last age should show your heart This word heart suggests that the man is convincing the lady that he is very romantic and not just sexual. In the second stanza, the man uses language which implies that they are getting older each day. The opening line of the second stanza reads But at my back I always hear, this shows it could be a possible turning point. Moreover, the man says Deserts of vast eternity, showing the lady that without her, his life is barren and desolate. Further on in the stanza, he explains how she will lose her virginity to worms: My echoing song; then worms shall try That long preservd virginity The word worms illustrates shocking imagery, and the two lines mock idealised romantic poetry. The third stanza, explains how the man trys to tell the lady to have sex now, whilst they still have time. The opening explains his feelings: Now therefore while the youthful hue The word youthful shows that they should have sex whilst they are young. The fourth line of the stanza shows that she is ready to have sex, At every pore with instant fires. The man further goes on to say that he and the lady should take advantage of the moment: Now let us sport while we may The word sport is used instead of sex, to show that sex can be fun and you dont have to be shy about it. He also uses a simile to show how they are loving birds, And now, like amorous birds of prey, amorous birds are associated as long; therefore, he compares him and the lady to loving birds. He continues to talk about time, Rather at once our time devour, he explains how they should make good use of the time. Towards the end of the poem he uses very passionate and energetic words: And tear our pleasure with rough strife Thorough the iron gates of life The words rough strife explain how joyful he is, and the words iron gates of life, show how passionate he is. The final two lines of the poem, show that the man wants to enjoy the time with the lady whilst they can: Thus, though we cannot make our sun Stand still, yet we will make him run The suttle pun suggests that they could have a baby. The word sun could possibly have two meanings of having a son or just that it is near the end of their life. Furthermore, the word run could mean that they will make their sun run. The rhyming couplets in the poem create a very upbeat and jaunty tone. We know that the man has constructed a very logical argument, because he uses words such as We could spend decades or even centuries in courtship if time stood still and we remained young., in addition, But time passes swiftly and relentlessly, Therefore, we must enjoy the pleasure of each other now, without further ado. We also know when the conclusion of the poem is because he uses words such as Now therefore, And now, and thus.

The Evolution Of Criminal Investigative Research Paper

The Evolution Of Criminal Investigative Research Paper Criminal Investigation has evolved enormously over time. The evolution of criminal investigation began in eighteenth-century England, when massive changes were being unleashed. During the eighteenth century two events-an agricultural revolution and an industrial revolution-began a process of change that profoundly affected how police services were delivered and investigations conducted. In 1750, Henry Fielding established a small group of volunteer, non-uniformed homeowners to take thieves. Known as the Bow Street Runners, these Londoners hurried to the scenes of reporting crimes and began investigations, thus becoming the first modern detective forces. Then in 1829 due in large measure to the efforts of Sir Robert Peel, Parliament created a metropolitan police for London. Police headquarters became known as Scotland Yard, because the building formerly had housed Scottish royalty. However the success of Peels reform in England did not go unnoticed in the United States. A major privat e detective agency of the nineteenth-century was formed by Allan Pinkerton in 1819-1884. As early as 1845, New York City had 800 plainclothes officers, although not until 1857 were the police authorized to designate 20 patrol officers as detectives. In November 1857, the New York City Police Department set up a rogues gallery-photographs of known offenders arranged by criminal specialty and height. As the highest court in this country, the Supreme Court is both obligated and well positioned to review cases and to make decisions which often have considerable impact. During 1961 to 1966, a period known as the due process revolution, the Supreme Court became unusually active in hearing cases involving the rights of criminal suspects and defendants. In criminal investigations there are three major scientific systems for personal identification of criminals: anthropometry, dactylography, and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) typing. Anthropometry was developed by Alphonse Bertillon (1853-1914), who is regarded as the father of criminal identification. It is the study of human body measurement for use in anthropological classification and comparison. Dactylography is the study of fingerprints as a method of identification. Dactylography refers to the impression on a surface of the curves formed by the ridges on a fingertip; especially, such an impression made in ink and used as a means of identification. Dactyloscopy s technique of comparing fingerprints are typically those found at the setting of a crime and those of a suspect. Due to the uniqueness of the fingers and hands papillar lines, it is generally considered a reliable method of identifying a person. Juan Vucetich perfected dactyloscopy in late 19th and early 20th century. In 1903 a fingerprint comparison of two Levenworth Penitentiary prisoners revealed that Will West and William West were two different individuals. This was despite the fact the two inmates had identical appearances and nearly identical Bertillon measurements. This showed the superiority of fingerprints to anthropometry as a system of identification. Then in 1904, New York City Detective Sergeant Joseph Faurot solved several hotel thefts by correctly identifying a suspect who claimed to be James Jones. Fingerprints correctly identified Jones as a thug with many prior convictions by the name of Daniel Nolan. Crime scene fingerprints may be detected by simple powders, or some chemicals applied at the crime scene; or more complex, usually chemical techniques applied in specialist laboratories to appropriate articles removed from the crime scene. With advances in these more sophisticated techniques some of the more advanced crime scene investigation services from around the world are now reporting that 50% or more of the total crime scene fingerprints result from these laboratory based techniques. DNA is a chemical blueprint, which determines everything from our hair color to our susceptibility to diseases. Initially, the process of isolating and reading this genetic material was referred to as DNA fingerprinting, but currently the term DNA typing is used to describe this practice. Forensic scientists can use DNA in blood, semen, skin, saliva or hair found at a crime scene to identify a matching DNA of an individual, such as a perpetrator. This process is called genetic fingerprinting, or more accurately, DNA profiling. In DNA profiling, the lengths of variable sections of repetitive DNA, such as short tandem repeats and minisatellites, are compared between people. This method is usually an extremely reliable technique for identifying a matching DNA.The first use of DNA typing in a criminal case was in 1987 in England. During 1986, a series of rapes and assaults occurred in Orlando, Florida, which set the stage for the first use of DNA typing in the United States. In 1988, the FBI became the first public sector crime laboratory in the United States to accept cases for DNA analysis. Since that time, there has been a substantial increase in the number of crime laboratories providing this type of service. People convicted of certain types of crimes may be also required to provide a sample of DNA for a database. This has helped investigators solve old cases where only a DNA sample was obtained from the scene. DNA profiling can also be used to identify victims of mass casualty incidents. As a specialty within criminalsitics, firearms identification extends far beyond the comparison of two fired bullets. It includes identification of types of ammunition, knowledge of the design and functioning of firearms, the restoration of obliterated serial numbers on weapons, and estimation of the distance between a guns muzzle and a victim when the weapon was fired this is known as Ballistics. People depend on police officers and detectives to protect their lives and property. Law enforcement officers, some of whom are State or Federal special agents or inspectors, perform these duties in a variety of ways, depending on the size and type of their organization. In most jurisdictions, they are expected to exercise authority when necessary, whether on or off duty. Uniformed police officers have general law enforcement duties, including maintaining regular patrols and responding to calls for service. They may direct traffic at the scene of an accident, investigate a burglary, or give first aid to an accident victim. In large police departments, officers usually are assigned to a specific type of duty. Many urban police agencies are involved in community policing; a practice in which an officer builds relationships with the citizens of local neighborhoods and mobilizes the public to help fight crime. Police agencies are usually organized into geographic districts, with uniformed officers assigned to patrol a specific area, such as part of the district or outlying residential neighborhoods. Officers may work alone, but, in large agencies, they often patrol with a partner. While on patrol, officers attempt to become thoroughly familiar with their patrol area and remain alert for anything unusual. Suspicious circumstances and hazards to public safety are investigated or noted, and officers are dispatched to individual calls for assistance within their district. During their shift, they may identify, pursue, and arrest suspected criminals; resolve problems within the community; and enforce traffic laws. Public college and university police forces, public school district police, and agencies serving transportation systems and facilities are examples of special police agencies. These agencies have special geographic jurisdictions and enforcement responsibilities in the United States. M ost sworn personnel in special agencies are uniformed officers; a smaller number are investigators. Some police officers specialize in such diverse fields as chemical and microscopic analysis, training and firearms instruction, or handwriting and fingerprint identification. Others work with special units, such as horseback, bicycle, motorcycle or harbor patrol; canine corps; special weapons and tactics (SWAT); or emergency response teams. A few local and special law enforcement officers primarily perform jail-related duties or work in courts. Regardless of job duties or location, police officers and detectives at all levels must write reports and maintain meticulous records that will be needed if they testify in court. Sheriffs and deputy sheriffs enforce the law on the county level. Sheriffs are usually elected to their posts and perform duties similar to those of a local or county police chief. Sheriffs departments tend to be relatively small, most having fewer than 50 sworn officers. Deputy Sheriffs have law enforcement duties similar to those of officers in urban police departments. Police and sheriffs deputies who provide security in city are sometimes called bailiffs. State police officers (sometimes called State troopers or highway patrol officers) arrest criminals Statewide and patrol highways to enforce motor vehicle laws and regulations. State police officers are best known for issuing traffic citations to motorists. At the scene of accidents, they may direct traffic, give first aid, and call for emergency equipment. They also write reports used to determine the cause of the accident. State police officers are frequently called upon to render assistance to other law enforcement agencies, especially those in rural areas or small towns. State law enforcement agencies operate in every State except Hawaii. Most full-time sworn personnel are uniformed officers who regularly patrol and respond to calls for service. Others work as investigators, perform court-related duties, or carry out administrative or other assignments. Detectives are plainclothes investigators who gather facts and collect evidence for criminal cases. Some are assigned to interagency task forces to combat specific types of crime. They conduct interviews, examine records, observe the activities of suspects, and participate in raids or arrests. Detectives and State and Federal agents and inspectors usually specialize in investigating one of a wide variety of violations, such as homicide or fraud. They are assigned cases on a rotating basis and work on them until an arrest and conviction occurs or until the case is dropped. Fish and game wardens enforce fishing, hunting, and boating laws. They patrol hunting and fishing areas, conduct search and rescue operations, investigate complaints and accidents, and aid in prosecuting court cases. The Federal Government maintains a high profile in many areas of law enforcement. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) agents are the Governments principal investigators, responsible for investigating violations of more than 200 categories of conducting sensitive national security investigations. Agents may conduct surveillance, monitor court-authorized wiretaps, examine business records, investigate white-collar crime, or participate in sensitive undercover assignments. The FBI investigates organized crime, public corruption, financial crime, fraud against the Government, bribery, copyright infringement, civil rights violations, bank robbery, extortion, kidnapping, air piracy, terrorism, espionage, interstate criminal activity, drug trafficking, and other violations of Federal statutes. U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) agents enforce laws and regulations relating to illegal drugs. Not only is the DEA the lead agency for domestic enforcement of Federal drug laws, it also has sole responsibility for coordinating and pursuing U.S. drug investigations abroad. Agents may conduct complex criminal investigations, carry out surveillance of criminals, and infiltrate illicit drug organizations using undercover techniques. U.S. marshals and deputy marshals protect the Federal courts and ensure the effective operation of the judicial system. They provide protection for the Federal judiciary, transport Federal prisoners, protect Federal witnesses, and seizures from criminal enterprises. They enjoy the widest jurisdiction of any Federal law enforcement agency and are involved to some degree in nearly all Federal law enforcement efforts. In addition, U.S. marshals pursue and arrest Federal fugitives. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives agents regulate and investigate violations of Federal firearms and explosives laws, as well as Federal alcohol and tobacco tax regulations. The U.S. Department of State Bureau of Diplomatic Security special agents are engaged in the battle against terrorism. Overseas, they advise ambassadors on all security matters and manage a complex range of security programs designed to protect personnel, facilities, and information. In the United States, they investigate passport and visa fraud, conduct personnel security investigations, issue security clearances, and protect the Secretary of State and a number of foreign dignitaries. They also train foreign civilian police and administer a counter-terrorism reward program. The Department of Homeland Security employs numerous law enforcement officers under several different agencies, including Customs and Border Protection, Immigration and Customs Enforcement, and the U.S. Secret Service. U.S. Border Patrol agents protect more than 8,000 miles of international land and water boundaries. Their missions are to detect and prevent the smuggling and unlawful entry of undocumented foreign nationals into the United States; to apprehend those persons violating threatened to interdict contraband, such as narcotics. Immigration inspectors interview and examine people seeking entrance to the United States and its territories. They inspect passports to determine whether people are legally eligible to enter the United States. Immigration inspectors also prepare reports, maintain records, and process applications and petitions for immigration or temporary residence in the United States. Customs inspectors enforce laws governing imports and exports by inspecting cargo, baggage, and articles worn or carried by people, vessels, vehicles, trains, and aircraft entering or leaving the United States. These inspectors examine, count, weigh, gauge, measure, and sample commercial and noncommercial cargoes entering and leaving the United States. Customs inspectors seize prohibited or smuggled articles; intercept contraband; and apprehend, search, detain, and arrest violators of U.S. laws. Customs agents investigate violations, such as narcotics smuggling, money laundering, child pornography, and customs fraud, and they enforce the Arms Export Control Act. During domestic and foreign investigations, they develop and use informants; conduct physical and electronic surveillance; and examine records from importers and exporters, banks, couriers, and manufacturers. They conduct interviews, serve on joint task forces with other agencies, and get and execute Federal Air Marshals prov ide air security by fighting attacks targeting U.S. airports, passengers, and crews. They disguise themselves as ordinary passengers and board flights of U.S. air carriers to locations worldwide. U.S. Secret Service special agents protect the President, Vice President, and their immediate families; Presidential candidates; former Presidents; and foreign dignitaries visiting the United States. Secret Service agents also investigate counterfeiting, forgery of Government checks or bonds, and fraudulent use of credit cards. Other Federal agencies employ police and special agents with sworn arrest powers and the authority to carry firearms. These agencies include the Postal Service, the Bureau of Indian Affairs Office of Law Enforcement, the Forest Service, and the National Park Service. Police and detective work can be very dangerous and stressful. In addition to the obvious dangers of confrontations with criminals, police officers and detectives need to be constantly alert and ready to deal appropriately with a number of other threatening situations. Many law enforcement officers witness death and suffering resulting from accidents and criminal behavior. A career in law enforcement may take a toll on their private lives. The jobs of some Federal agents such as U.S. Secret Service and DEA special agents require extensive travel, often on very short notice. They may relocate a number of times over the course of their careers. Some special agents in agencies such as the U.S. Border Patrol work outdoors in rugged terrain for long periods and in all kinds of weather. Uniformed officers, detectives, agents, and inspectors are usually scheduled to work 40-hour weeks, but paid overtime is common. Shift work is necessary because protection must be provided around the clock. Junior officers frequently work weekends, holidays, and nights. Police officers and detectives are required to work whenever they are needed and may work long hours during investigations. Officers in most jurisdictions, whether on or off duty, are expected to be armed and to exercise their authority when necessary.

Role-play area increase childrens oral language

Role-play area increase childrens oral language My interest for this research stemmed from my passion for drama and my belief that it can enhance childrens learning experience. However, within the research school, teachers planned collaboratively and the use of drama did not suit lessons planned. This led to a developing interest in childrens play within the role-play area and the potential it had in enabling children to acquire language. The potential of the role-play corner is supported by Sylva et al (1980) who believe that the richest conversations within the Foundation classroom occur within the home corner. During my research I found that I strongly agreed with Moyles (2005) opinion that play is not employed within the primary classroom despite recommendations that this should be the case due to the range of potential it provides. Before changes were made to the role-play area during the research I felt that children were not using the area to its full potential and the research carried out aimed to resolve this by encouraging teachers to use this area in enhancing childrens learning. Therefore, the research carried out aimed to show the important role the role-play area plays within primary education and enabling children to acquire oral language. The study further aims to bring to light elements within the role-play area that will enhance childrens experience within the role-play area and ensure they are engaging with new vocabulary. The study was based in a large school with 300 children on roll and 30 teaching staff in Oxfordshire. The research was carried out in a mixed Year 1 and 2 class which consisted of 30 children for a period of five weeks. The following chapter aims to explore previous research within the areas of language acquisition and how the role-play area can enhance childrens language acquisition. Literature Review 2.1 Looking at language acquisition Language acquisition occurs as children learn a language and outlines the stages they progress through to achieve speech (Clark 2009). The first stage looks at sounds, words, meanings and construction which moves onto knowing when and where to use language and incorporating it into everyday life (Clark 2009). There are three main theories that look at how children acquire their language skills and at what age this starts to develop. The Behaviourist view states that children develop language skills through imitating their parents and later reinforce these skills (Eyres 2007). Nativists believe that children find language to be instinctual as children often hear incomplete sentences as they grow up and impose structures they have overheard on their own speech (Eyres 2007). Chomsky (cited in Wilson 2008) believes that children have a Language Acquisition Device that refers to an area of the brain which allows for children to learn and use language from a young age. Chomsky agrees with the Nativist theory in that children make use of rules they overhear in adult speech within the first few years of life and therefore their ideas on language structures constantly change and adapt to suit a more mature view of language grammar (Wilson 2008). The third theory about language acquisition is that of Interactionalists. They argue that children learn from the community around them and that babies start to pick up conventions of communication and their learning is developed through encouragement by adults, lending their support and interpreting sounds (Eyres 2007). However, other research suggests that infants are pushed to learn a language in order to share meaning and communicate with those around them and relationships with their carers engages them in a world of a specific language (Whitehead 2007). Brumfit (1984) states that there is a lot of research that was carried out on acquiring language but it is important to note that it is impossible to be able to isolate childrens language experiences from processes of interaction in their early years. Wells (1979) stands out for researching language acquisition and examines how adults support and assist children in their conversations by expanding on their contribution. Although this research is dated, the significance it still holds in this area should be noted as it the theories are commented on and developed by Wilson (2008) who states that Wells research suggests that children benefit mostly from one-to-one discussions with adults about topics that concern and interest them and the quantity of language experience children have is crucial to their language development. Vygotsky and Bruner (cited in Wilson 2008) believe that adults and older children play an important role in aiding young childrens language development. They further argue that children need first-hand experience with language through small group or one-to-one interactions with adults and engaging in talk about shared experiences and talking for a variety of purposes (Wilson 2008). Goodwin (2005) believes that speaking and listening opportunities are essential aspects within the Early Years and this is clearly shown throughout the strands of the Early Years Foundation Stage Curriculum (DCSF 2008). Sylva et al (1980) argue that the richest conversations within Foundation classrooms occur in the home corner. Moyles (2005) believes that although play has mainly been used as a teaching strategy in the Early Years, recommendations have been made about implementing it into Key Stage One and Two classrooms due to the worth it holds for a wider age range. Some schools and teachers have taken this advice and set up a transitional classroom which integrates the Early Years approach with traditional classroom practice (Harris 2003). 2.2 Using the role-play area to develop childrens oral language acquisition Children require first-hand experiences of language when acquiring language through experiences with their peers and adults in different situations (Vygotsky and Bruner cited in Wilson 2008). Goodwin (2005) writes that watching through watching their peers, children can observe different models of language which they can implement on their own. Although this research relates to the opportunity to critically observe drama performances, it lends itself to the idea of children experiencing new language through their peers. During pretend play, children use their real life and imaginary experiences as a basis for their language and learning, while starting at their own level (Moyles 1989). This is further supported by McArthur (1983) who believes experiences within language classrooms should relate to real-life situations that occur beyond the classroom walls. The use of pretend play within the role play area further develops language use as it encourages expressive speech to occur as objects may take on a different role during play and these ideas need to be made clear to all participants of play (Marjanovic-Umek and Lesnik-Musek 2001). Experiences within the role play area further provide meaningful contexts for children by letting them use language in ways they can identify, respond and learn from as they become active and interactive users of language (Clipson-Boyles 1998). Within the role-play area this often occurs through children pretending to be adults and this enables them to experience situations from a new perspective (Clipson-Boyles 1998). When children take on these roles they often imitate adult speech patterns (Tassoni and Husker 2005) and this argument is further developed by Andersen (1990) who states that adult language features can be clearly identified when children start to imitate adults around them. Through this experience children assimilate new vocabulary through portraying different roles (Tassoni and Husker 2005), as well as developing the social skills required to play these roles (Clipson-Boyles 1998). Due to this, teachers need to ensure children are introduced to new situations and Bedrova and Leong (2003) further argue that as childrens repertoire of roles begins to grow they acquire a wide range of vocabulary to suit each role and therefore it is essential that children are encouraged to play different roles. When entering new contexts and situations, new and different demands are made on language use and therefore new language can be used and developed effectively (Byron 1986). Furthermore, it is important that children are introduced to new settings and experiences in order to engage them with high-level play (Bedrova and Leong 2003). However, it is important to note that children often revert to playing family roles, even within a new area, as they are familiar and comfortable with these roles (Bedrova and Leong 2003). When children are introduced to a new theme within the role-play area, they engage with and use new vocabulary which would be appropriate for the theme and situation they are acting out (Bedrova and Leong (2003). Bedrova and Leong (2003) believe that when children use new words within their play it shows that the children understand the meaning of the words they are using and are able to master the vocabulary within the meaningful context of play. While children are practicing their language and discussing the play they will engage in, the teacher should step in to prompt children to use the vocabulary they have learnt (Bedrova and Leong 2003) Teachers may create stimulating and exciting role-play areas that contain a variety of quality resources however, when a role-play area is kept the same for several weeks childrens experiences are unlikely to be move the child forward past free and directed play modes (Moyles 1989). Due to this children should be aware that the time they spend within the role-play area is limited (Clipson-Boyles 1998). When introducing a new and exciting role-play area there should be some opportunity for free-play to occur before teacher direction is implemented to provide children with a direction to explore other dimensions and extend their learning (Moyles 1989). However, Bedrova and Leong (2003) believe that teacher intervention should occur before children access the role-play area in order to raise the level of play occurring within the classroom. Talk is an essential element within play as children use it constantly, either when talking to themselves, others and even toys and playthings (Moyles 1989). Although the use of role-play is beneficial, the quality of learning that occurs is limited by the quality of the resources available to children (Clipson-Boyles 1998). Bodrova and Leong (2003) concur with this statement and believe the use of a variety of props and objects provide children with the best opportunities to practice their language. Moyles (1989) further develops this argument by stating that if play is structured by the materials and resources that have been made available the quality of play occurring will be dependent on the quality, quantity and variety of resources being provided. However, Martin and Dombey (2002) argue that the quality and richness of play language arises from children managing tensions when creating a play world, the storylines and multiple identities they create as they strive to have their voice heard. Therefore, teachers should look at childrens language while they are in role and out of role (Martin and Bombey 2002). The practical element of play within the role-play area aids the development of language acquisition as play provides intense motivation for young children to learn while they play (Chambers 1999) while also allowing children the option of either repeating or varying the language being used (Cook 2000). Therefore the role-play area provides children with a wealth of opportunities to develop language through play (Tassoni and Hicker 2005). However, a crucial element in using the role play area in developing language is the important role the teacher plays in recognising and valuing the play which occurs within the role play area while ensuring children know they are accountable for their learning and their actions within the role play area (Clipson-Boyles 1998). Methodology Chapter The research to answer the question Does the increased use of the role-play area increase childrens oral language acquisition? was based in a large school with 300 children on roll and 30 teaching staff in Oxfordshire. The research was carried out in a mixed Year 1 and 2 class which consisted of 30 children for a period of five weeks. In order to explore and answer the question Does the increased use of the role-play area increase childrens oral language acquisition? a case study approach was taken. A case study is ideal for allowing one aspect of a problem to be examined and explored in some depth (Bell 2010). It also provides an accurate and detailed account of events, feeling and views given by real people in a real situation (Basit 2010) which is achieved in relation to this question through the use of interviews, observations and questionnaires. Due to the nature of the question, the methods used collected both qualitative and quantitative data. Quantitative data is represented with numbers and provide the reader with explicit information (Denscombe 2003). In contrast, qualitative data encompasses several research methods as there is a written or oral outcome that is later interpreted (Denscombe 2003). The use of both quantitative and qualitative data reinforced the reliability and validity of the information gathered, as the accuracy of the findings increases through the implementation of different methods of investigation (Denscombe 2003) Due to the case study element of the question, as well as the benefits of collecting both qualitative data and quantitative data, the research methods of unstructured group interviews, participant observation and questionnaires were chosen. The use of a method such as document scrutiny would not have been appropriate for the research as the question was more concerned with oral language skills rather than childrens written skills. Interviews were used during the study as they were easy to adapt and allowed for the interviewer to follow up on ideas and answers which could be further developed and clarified (Bell 2010). The use of unstructured interviews allowed the interviewee to develop their own thoughts as the process was started by introducing a theme or topic from which the researcher developed their ideas (Denscombe 2003). The use of interviews suited the question as it recorded childrens views and feelings in regards to changes implemented within their classroom. These interviews were be carried out informally (Basit 2020) and created a deeper understanding of individuals ideas (Denscombe 2003). Group interviews operated at the level of those participating (Denscombe 2003). The main purpose of group interviews was for the participants to interact and respond to what the others were saying and the interviewee took a step back and tended to moderate the discussion (Bell 2010). However, the use of group interviews can be difficult, especially in scheduling when it can take place and controlling the amount of people that may be talking at once (Denscombe 2003). A limitation to group interviews is that quieter people tend to be forgotten as the more confident members take charge of the group and the answers (Denscombe 2003). Another factor that needs to be considered is that people may provide answers with are deemed as acceptable within the group and not disclose their true opinions (Denscombe 2003). Despite this, the use of group interviews allowed for the collection of opinions from children of different abilities and therefore showed how the changes affected children of diffe rent abilities. Interviews allowed for valuable insight to be gained into how the changes, which were implemented, affected childrens language acquisition. Due to the positive arguments above, and the opportunity to gain an understanding of childrens feelings and ideas towards the changes, ensured interviews were ideal for carrying out research. However, it was important to realise that the children participating may have answered questions as they felt obliged to answer, rather than how they truly felt. Further to this, on different days, children may be experiencing different emotions and this may have affected their answers during the interview. Participant observation was used during the research as this method relies on the idea that the participants being observed are unaware and act to what happens in the normal way (Denscombe 2003). This type of observation normally occurs when the observer is within the setting on a regular basis to improve their practice (Basit 2010) and was employed due to the researchers regular presence within the classroom this research method was adopted. Participant observation allowed for the researcher to note that childrens natural responses and actions within the role-play area. It further lent itself as children a method which collected unbiased data due to the researcher refraining from interfering with the participants. However, it is important to note that despite the researcher aiming to remain unobtrusive (Denscombe 2003) children may still be aware they are being watched. Questionnaires were used as a method of gathering information from other teachers who employed the role-play area within their classrooms. Questionnaires need to be carefully planned and the way in which the information gathered and interpreted needs to be considered (Basit 2010). The answers given, through the use of questionnaires, can be easily divided into opinions and facts and it is important that the researcher is able to distinguish between both views (Basit 2010). Despite this, questionnaires were used as they can offer insight into what teachers think. This allowed for information from an outside source to be collected and further validated the information collected. The questioners employ the Likert scale which asks participants to comment on how much they agree with a statement (Bell 2010) which allows for quantitative results to be collected. However, iti is important to note that answers to questionnaires can not be clarified and the researcher needs to rely on what has been written on paper (Bell 2010). Despite this, the use of a questionnaire allowed for opinions of teachers to be noted and some questionnaires were written on by the participants to further explain and give reasons for their answers. However, when filling out questionnaires the participants may provide answers they believe the researcher wants to collect rather than noting what they truly think. By using three different methods, triangulation of data occurred. This meant that different aspects were examined and the complexity of human behaviour was taken into account (Cohen at al 2000). It also reinforced the validity of the research collected as the same issue was examined from different angles (Basit 2010) through the implementation of different research methods. The methods used in the research were able to complement each other and support the findings produced but also offered some differences as the different methods were suited towards different purposes (Denscombe 2003). Triangulation further allowed for findings to be cross-checked which validated the results collected within the research (Bell 2010). Before the research was undertaken, the ethical aspects were considered and examined closely, appendix 1 (page xy). Cohen et al (2000) state that social scientists have a responsibility not only to their profession in its search for knowledge and truth, but also for the subjects they depend on for their work. Therefore, it was important the children were aware that they were being observed throughout the case study and actions were taken to consider any ethical implications. Data set Content Quantity/Quality Recording Method Unstructured group interviews The group interviews consist of six participants (one from each ability group within their separate year groups) The interviews lasted 10-20 minutes and occurred before and after changes were implemented. In total, two interviews were held with the children. Tape recorders were used when interviewing six children. Interviews were then transcribed and pplaced within the appendices (appendix 6 and 7). Participant Observation The role-play area was observed for one hour a week for five weeks. The children within the role-play area were not selected and the focus of the observation was the language being used. In total, five observations occurred. Notes made while observing the role-play area once a week. Notes written on post-it notes at all times to note use of new vocabulary used etc and then typed onto the computer and placed in the appendices (appendix 8) Teacher Questionnaires Four teachers filled out a questionnaire which asked for their opinion in how best to aid childrens language acquisition. In total, one questionnaire was filled out. Questionnaire handed out and filled in independently then handed back to researcher. These were then collected and placed into the appendix (appendix 2,3,4 and 5) Results Table 1: Questionnaire Results Question Results 1. Do you think the role-play area helps children learn and become familiar with language? Yes 100% 2. How effective is the role-play area in allowing children to develop their language? 4 66% 5 33% 3. Do you set up an area specifically to encourage children to practice and extend their learning and therefore engage in topic-specific vocabulary? Yes 100% 4. With the role-play area currently set up have you noticed children using topic related vocabulary? Yes 100% 5. If yes, how frequently is this language used? 3 33% 4 33% 5 33% 6. Are the children able to use the language correctly and in an appropriate context? Yes 66% When modeled 33% 7. For future topics, would you think about ensuring the role-play area allows for topic specific vocabulary to be used (especially in terms of science vocabulary). Yes 100% 8. How might you ensure that this is achieved? Key vocabulary displayed, teacher modeling, Sharing experiences with class, interactive resources Table 2: Interview One Results Question Key responses 1. How do you think the school room helps you learn? Lets children know more about emergency vehicle and traditional stories through questions and for others and answering questions on the wall 2. So what do you do when you were in the school room? Puppets are used to re-tell or create stories, children learnt about emergency vehicles and traditional tales but did not mention how 3. Do you use the questions on the wall to help you? No as the questions are too easy 4. Some of the questions on the wall are about traditional tales but some are about emergency vehicles. Does that confuse you? Yes as children were confused about what each question referred too 5. What kinds of words do you use? Do you use new words, words that you learnt from the stories? Or do you just talk like you normally would? Children used phrases such as The end, Once upon a time and The middle One child mentioned using adjectives 6. So what could the teachers have done to help you learn more in the school room? Teachers could have provided the correct answers so children could share and inform each other 7. So what could I change then in the school room? Questions could be trickier, could have provided more resources for the emergency vehicle section Table 3: Interview Two Results Question Key responses 1. What do you do when youre in the electricity shop? Children make circuits and discussed some of the circuits they made. One child discussed how she drew the circuit using symbols and then made it 2. How do you think the electricity shop has helped you learn? Children know how to make and draw symbols 3. So, in the electricity shop, do you look at the questions? Yes because they helped their learning and know more about electricity. No because they are not important. 4. How helpful was it to have the batteries, wires and light bulbs? Good so children could build circuits and learn independently 5. Did you find having all the electricity stuff helped you with your language? Did you use lots of words about electricity? Not really as they could have drawn them instead. Yes as you need a battery, wire and bulb to make a circuit. 6. Do you think you speak differently in the electricians shop than in the rest of the classroom? More electricity related words are used such as mains electricity, insulated wire, power stations, electricity pylons and electrocuted 7. What helped you to use all the electricity words? Anything special in the electricians shop that helped you? The questions helped, the equipment helped and the pictures that were available Table 4: Observation results Observation 1: 17/2/2011 Observation 2 : 3/3/2011 Children did not stay on task and therefore did not use new language Drawings of stories, however, story not told Child commented on light being dimmer and brighter Children talked about the parts they were using to make a circuit Children discuss breaks within a circuit Child predicted brightness of a bulb from a drawing Children use new vocabulary effectively and regularly Observation 3: 10/3/2011 Observation 4: 17/3/2011 Child discusses how some equipment uses mains electricity and the use of a switch Children discuss how crocodile clips work One child discusses how he melds lights with his father Two children discuss solar power and how most electricity comes from a power plant Children further discuss how pylon wires are insulated Children discuss why a light may not be working as the crocodile clip does not clip on the bulb holder Two children discuss how the electricity in the bulb gives off heat The dangers of electricity are mentioned and how one child could be electrocuted as he put a circuit around his neck The purpose of a switch is mentioned. One child links the word circle with circuit in describing electric flow Observation 5: 14/3/2011 Child discusses how the electricity is moving through the circuit Circuit is being made and when the bulb does not light a child mentions that a battery must be broken Child mentions she saw a traffic light being fixed and that the electricity was stopped so the electrician was not electrocuted

Reproductive Technologies: Does Choice Mean Freedom? :: essays research papers fc

Reproductive Technologies: Does Choice Mean Freedom? "One does not, it might be said, increase a person's freedom simply by increasing the sheer quantity of possibilities which he or she can choose from." n Richard Norman The issue of reproductive technologies in our society today raises an interesting question. Do they increase a women's freedom of choice or do they expand the power of men and science over women. Is freedom to choose what they can do with their bodies truly freedom. Freedom, as a core, is the absence of external impediment. In this sort of area can women truly be free of external impediment, also is this truly freedom of choice? "The range of physical possibilities from which a person can choose at a given moment has no direct relevance to freedom†¦Whether a person is free or not does not depend on the range of choice." (Haylek 1960, p.12f). This subject is so socially charged that a women could not possibly have true freedom of choice but a choice which is basically decided for her, whether it be by the limited choices made available to her by medical science or by the men which are directly involved with them in the decision. In order to truly understand this issue we must look at it's core, reproductive technology. This is a vast area to discuss because it ranges from artificial insemination to abortion to contraception to genetic engineering with many area in between. Artificial insemination is the introduction of sperm to an ovum artificially either inside or outside the female genital tract. Abortion is the "extermination of pregnancy before the fetus is capable of independent life." Birth control is a huge area of reproductive or contraceptive technology, in effect though all sub areas of this main area deal with the prevention of fertilization of the ovum or egg, also in some cases such as the condom it can stop the spread of disease. Genetic engineering is a new and extremely scary technology which hopes to enable the precise engineering of an unborn child. The previous examples are just some of the areas of reproductive technologies but they are sufficient to cover the basic scope of the issue. What is freedom. In the Webster's dictionary the definition is "The state of being free or at liberty rather than in confinement or under physical restraint". This is the core of freedom but to truly understand freedom one must define it with much more detail. two people who have concentrated their efforts on the subject of freedom are Norman and Haylek. Norman feels that freedom is equated to the absence of social pressure yet the possession of

Euthanasia: Humane and Dignified Essay -- Euthanasia Killing Argumenta

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Advances in modern medical technology have served to deny people the right to die, and euthanasia, it may be argued, has emerged with the purpose of reclaiming that right. Euthanasia, which is defined as â€Å"granting painless death to a hopelessly ill patient with a non-curable disease,† is a very controversial issue (Russell 3). Illegal in all countries, except the Nertherlands, it is still practiced all over the world in an attempt to give people the right to a painless, and natural, death (Emanuel 1). In short, the advances in modern medicine and its techniques, have created a situation whereby people’s lives are artificially extended, despite the fact that they could be in an irrecoverable coma or suffering from an incurable chronic illness, leading increasing numbers of people to support euthanasia, as an option for a humane and dignified death.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While there is a tendency to treat euthanasia as a single concept, it is actually a very general one involving two distinct methods and practices. In general terms, it is defined as â€Å"the mercy killing of a person, that is to say, the intentional and express termination of a life whose quality is such that it is not worth living† (Kluge 132). In more specific terms, euthanasia is either active and positive, or passive and negative, with both being further defined according to whether they occurred voluntarily, involuntarily, or nonvoluntarily. That is, whether it occurred according to a person’s wishes, or against his wishes, or simply without his wishes due to his being in a condition where he can’t express himself.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In examining the different forms of euthanasia, it ultimately becomes clear that both voluntary and non-voluntary passive, or negative, euthanasia do not violate ethical principles as they act in such a way that they basically restore man’s right to death. This form of euthanasia â€Å"means discontinuing or desisting from the use of extraordinary life-sustaining measures or heroic efforts to prolong life in hopeless cases when such prolongation seems an unwarranted extension of either suffering or unconsciousness† (Russell 20). That is, it is an action that has the purpose of allowing death to occur naturally, whereby it becomes very difficult to criticize passive or negative euthanasia according to ethical and religious arguments. This form of euthanasia, although it can occur without ... ...ed before carrying it out.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When reviewed from ethical perspectives, it becomes increasingly difficult to defend the artificial extension of life, and to reject passive euthanasia. If one were to consider the doctor’s role as a healer, or a reducer of pain and suffering, it would seems that medical technology actively prevents the fulfillment of this role. Thus, the objective has become the extension of life, through unnatural and artificial means, regardless of the hopelessness of recovery, or the pain and suffering experienced by the patient. It would not be an exaggeration to call this unethical, both from the religious perspective and the medical one. According to the first perspective, it is unethical insofar as it interferes with God’s wishes that a person die. In relation to the second, the unethical aspect emerges from the fact that many doctors are no longer fulfilling their professional duty to reduce suffering but are, in reality, prolonging and intensifying it. Thus , to support passive euthanasia means supporting traditional religious and medical ethics. That is, the simple right to a natural and humane death, with as little extension of suffering as possible.

Lord Of The Flies :: essays research papers

In Lord of the Flies, a novel by William Golding, an airplane load of school-age boys are stranded on a deserted tropical island after their plane is accidentally shot down during World War II. Since there are no adults, the boys try to organize themselves with a chief, hunters, and a few people to watch a signal fire for any ships that might pass. Factions develop with the original group and the hunters. The child who is chosen to be the chief is Ralph. As the leader of the hunters, Jack, creates his own group, Ralph grows and matures as a result of his internal conflicts. At the start of the novel, Ralph is very immature. Like most children, he is excited to find out that there are no adults to watch him and tell him he couldn't do something. At the moment Ralph was told this information from his friend Piggy, he takes off all of his clothes and starts to swim in a pool of water on the beach. When Ralph does this, he is like a child left alone to play his favorite games. He does not care about anything at first because he has a strong belief that his father, who is in the navy, will send someone to rescue them. In the meantime, Ralph and Piggy find a conch shell. If you blow into a conch shell a certain way, in makes a loud, low-pitched sound. Piggy tells Ralph about this, and Ralph uses the sound from the conch to call an assembly. All different aged boys appear on the shore where Ralph blows the conch. When it is thought that all of the boys are there, they begin to have a meeting. First, they elect a chief. They choose Ralph as their leader over a boy who was in the choir and his old school named Jack. After Jack losses, Ralph makes Jack the leader of the hunters. As Ralph tries to make law and build his society, all of the others seem to loose interest in helping one another and go off on their own and play. This happens when Ralph tries to build shelters; everyone builds the first one, then only four build the second one and only Ralph and a boy named Simon build the third and final one. Ralph is currently in the maturing process. He doesn't understand how to be a good leader, but he i s respected by everyone one the island.

Shakespeare: Foreshadowing in Macbeth

William Shakespeare has been, and continues to be, one of the most famous writers of all time. His writings, specifically playwrights, include varieties of different writing techniques that never fail to capture the attention of audiences of all ages.One of his most famous tragedies – Macbeth – is certainly no disappointment. Though Macbeth is one of his shortest tragedies, Shakespeare takes the elements of madness, evilness, and jealousness and wraps them up into a timeless tale chock full of literary elements.One of the most studied and most profound literary elements found in Macbeth is foreshadowing. Foreshadow; verb; be a warning or indication of (a future event). † Foreshadowing gives the audience a hint of what is to come without completely giving away the event, though it will make sense after the event happens.The first example of foreshadowing we see in Macbeth is found in Act 1, Scene 1 in the three witches’ prophecies. We see the three witches s how up multiple times throughout Macbeth to hint at the future.The reader immediately sees an example of the prophecies in Act 1, Scene 1 when the witches are talking about meeting Macbeth. They say that they will meet him â€Å"when the battle’s lost and won† (Act 1, Scene 1).Logistically, this phrase makes sense because every battle will have a loser and a winner, however when we look at the deeper meaning of this phrase, it shows the witches’ recurring â€Å"double meaning† way of speaking that will eventually give false hope to Macbeth in the ending battle scenes.We see another example of foreshadowing in the Act 1, Scene 1 witches’ prophecies of Macbeth as well. All of the witches come together and yell â€Å"Fair is foul, and foul is fair† (Act 1, Scene 1). The element of this phrase recurs throughout Macbeth to show the differences between reality and appearance.Macbeth quotes a similar version of this phrase in his first entrance whe n he says â€Å"So foul and fair a day I have not seen† (Act 1, Scene 3). The day itself, the weather, is â€Å"foul†, but the day’s events have proven â€Å"fair† because they have won the battle.This witch prophecy contradicts reality and appearance and foreshadows that there will be many events in the future that may look â€Å"fair† to the eye, but are, in reality, â€Å"foul†. One final example of foreshadowing that we see in the introduction of Macbeth is when the witches come to meet Macbeth and Banquo.Each witch greets Macbeth with a separate title: â€Å"Thane of Glamis†, â€Å"Thane of Cawdor†, and â€Å"King hereafter† (Act 1, Scene 3). This foreshadowing is a little more obvious than the others in the fact that it is clear Macbeth will be given these three titles at some point in his life.The witches fail to mention, however, the manner in which these titles will be achieved, which we know to be a maddening v enture for Macbeth and his wife. Foreshadowing, no matter how bold or subtle, is a key literary element in Shakespeare’s Macbeth.The three witches prophesize the upcoming events in Macbeth, adding to the suspense and adventure of the writing. The foreshadowing and other literary elements in Macbeth help maintain such a classic piece of tragedy literature that will stand the test of time.

How Useful and Reliable Are These Sources in Explaining How Womens Lives Were Affected by World War 1?

How useful and reliable argon these bloods in explaining how wo handss lives were affected by conception War 1? This essay is issue to be about World shelter 1, which started in 1914 and closedowned in 1918, and how it affected the livs of women. The cont terminus made an impact on lives of m any(prenominal) a(prenominal) women, slightly in a positive way and some in a negative. ahead WW1 women had very circumstantial policital situation and were considered inferior to men. Men didnt gossip the need for women to devour a voice, and that their thought process was not needed. However, when the state of struggle began men were direct to war, leaving job spaces to be picked.This was when the women were called upon to f aguish these spaces. This was an oppurtunity for women to prove their rights for politicial power. bloodline A1 supports this because it states by the end of the war in November 1918, women proved that they were comely as important to th war effort a s men. This shows that women were successful in doing so and had been obligen much government activityal power. This ascendent was taken from a website center at GCSE students which means alot of query must deal been set apart into the text, making it reliable. Before the war women were simply allowed to do genuine jobs.Housemaiding and seamstressing were most common, sometimes farming was overly allowed. People say men and women lived in two different worlds. But the war was a turning point for many women. Most stopped head for the hills in the domestic service and began work in the industry. Women practically took on the livs of men. well-nigh worked in munition factories, some did farming and some also began army work. numerous womens lives dour around dramatically, they became rch and lived a graduate(prenominal) lifestyle. Source A7 is a poem called Munition Wages which was compose in 1917. It says Earning high wages? yus, cinque quid a week.A woman, too, mi nd you, I calls it dim sweet which shows that women were getting to a greater extent silver than they were before and were becoming happier. With money to spend, years back I wore tatters, now silk stockings, my comrade this shows that womens lives were affected hugely from before the war to during the war. This source could be reliable as it is a primary source, however the reliableness of this source is questionable as it is only one persons opinion, and it does not give oftentimes information about the author. With most women gaining more money each week, they began to become more independant.They no longer had to rely on their husbands to keep them going. Many women would say the war was a good thing. Some would regular(a) say it was worthwhile, because they experienced a high lifestyle and got some of the political power they deserved. However there were many women who didnt yield such a positive experience. Some were forced to work long hours with defraud pay. Long shi fts like this were a day-after-day routine for most women. They werent allowed a get a line and would sometimes become so ill from working non-stop they would drop to the floor in pain, even then they had to pull by means of and continue work.Source A8 supports this as it because it states They were frequently evaluate to work on till 8pm and were stipendiary only bare time grade for this overtime. This shows that women were paid normal rates which were highly low, for sometimes nearly double the hours they should have been doing. With all this work, women must have been exhausted. This source may be reliable as it was taken out of a annals discussion, however the reliability of this source could be questionable as it was create verbally by a campaigner for womens rights, which means it could be biased.And it was alrso written in 1932, which was after the war, so the stories could have been exaggerated or change over time. During the war, posters and leaflets were given o ut demonstrate the women doing their part for the war. However many jobs that were advertised for women were rarely given out. Source A9 supports this as it says womanly dentists, barbers, and architects- all of which were featured on war saving postcards were extremely rare. Most virile dominated proffessions remained closed to women. This shows that the propaganda that was being employ was false advertisement, and was being used to shape up women into work.The press would exaggerate things greatly to even out them look better than they actually were. This source may be reliable as it was used for a series for bbc, which is a well respected channel which alot of research is put into. However, it may not be reliable as we dont have any information about what the series was about. At the end of the war women were expected to give up their jobs in place for the men who had come back from the army. Within months of the end of the war, hundreds of thousands of women were out of w ork Source A10 shows that women were left jobless. Many were forced back into domestic work again.Some women stayed on the dole but were soon forced back into work when the government reduced unemployment benefit rates. This source may be reliable as it was written in a history book for GCSE students, so research would have been put into it. However it may not be reliable as it may have been exaggerated greatly, as the writer was not in the war. After examining all the sources thoroughly, it is honest to say womens lives did change dramatically. Lifestyle changes, changes in confidence and independance, political power and the observe of women altogether were the biggest changes.

Milgram Obedience Review Essay

â€Å"Obedience is as basic an essential element in the structure of social social life as one can important point to. Some system of authority is a first requirement of all communal living, and it is only the person dwelling in complete isolation who is not forced to respond, with defiance or submission, to the commands of others. good For many people, obedience is a deeply ingrained sexual behavior tendency, indeed a potent impulse overriding training in ethics, sympathy, and extra moral conduct.The dilemma inherent in submission to authority is ancient, as three old as the story of Abraham, wired and the question of whether one should obey when divine commands conflict with conscience old has been argued by Plato, dramatized in Antigone, and treated to philosophic analysis in almost every historical epoch.Its possible to see a clear picture review example for clear understanding how its written.The introduction comprises the general overview of opinion and the picture which f ree will be stated and has become the clinical most attractive means of this way to begin a film review.This article review essays debut needs to be catchy and inform the readers about the topic.

Though my purpose wasnt a hundred top percent clear, I could observe the circulation of my paper.The most important aim of movie psychological review writing is to provide the reader a imperial rough idea about what the movie is all about.Let us say you have to purchase essay.The job will be placed by A superb review essay .

Thereafter, you are able to begin own writing the inspection.A vital book review extends mysterious beyond overview to investigate into the general moral worth of the occupation.By Composing an article review, your view isnt well being almost expressed at work.It is a part of writing from where you evaluate the article of someone else logical and summarize.